chore: reformat source code

57 files changed, 518 insertions, 259 deletions

diff --git a/.clang-format b/.clang-format
index 714f716..6d3fa9d 100644
--- a/.clang-format
+++ b/.clang-format
@@ -1,80 +1,116 @@
 ---
-AccessModifierOffset: '-2'
+AccessModifierOffset: "-2"
 AlignAfterOpenBracket: Align
-AlignConsecutiveAssignments: 'false'
-AlignConsecutiveDeclarations: 'false'
-AlignEscapedNewlines: Left
-AlignOperands: 'true'
-AlignTrailingComments: 'true'
-AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: 'true'
-AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: 'false'
-AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: 'false'
-AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: All
-AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: 'false'
-AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: 'false'
+AlignConsecutiveAssignments:
+  Enabled: false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments: false
+  AlignCompound: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators: true
+AlignConsecutiveDeclarations:
+  Enabled: false
+  AcrossEmptyLines: false
+  AcrossComments: false
+  AlignCompound: false
+  AlignFunctionPointers: false
+  PadOperators: true
+AlignEscapedNewlines: LeftWithLastLine
+AlignTrailingComments: "true"
+AllowAllParametersOfDeclarationOnNextLine: "true"
+AllowShortBlocksOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortCaseLabelsOnASingleLine: "false"
+AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: Empty
+AllowShortIfStatementsOnASingleLine: Never
+AllowShortLoopsOnASingleLine: "false"
 AlwaysBreakAfterDefinitionReturnType: None
 AlwaysBreakAfterReturnType: None
-AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: 'true'
-BinPackArguments: 'true'
-BinPackParameters: 'true'
+AlwaysBreakTemplateDeclarations: "true"
+BinPackArguments: "true"
+BinPackParameters: "true"
 BreakBeforeBraces: Custom
 BraceWrapping:
-  AfterClass: 'true'
-  AfterControlStatement: 'true'
-  AfterEnum: 'true'
-  AfterFunction: 'true'
-  AfterNamespace: 'true'
-  AfterStruct: 'true'
-  AfterUnion: 'true'
-  AfterExternBlock: 'true'
-  BeforeCatch: 'true'
-  BeforeElse: 'true'
-  IndentBraces: 'false'
-BreakBeforeInheritanceComma: 'false'
+  AfterClass: "true"
+  AfterControlStatement: "true"
+  AfterEnum: "true"
+  AfterFunction: "true"
+  AfterNamespace: "true"
+  AfterStruct: "true"
+  AfterUnion: "true"
+  AfterExternBlock: "true"
+  BeforeCatch: "true"
+  BeforeElse: "true"
+  IndentBraces: "false"
+  AfterCaseLabel: true
+  SplitEmptyFunction: false
+  SplitEmptyRecord: true
+  SplitEmptyNamespace: true
+BreakBeforeInheritanceComma: "false"
 BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
-BreakStringLiterals: 'true'
-ColumnLimit: '120'
-CompactNamespaces: 'false'
-Cpp11BracedListStyle: 'true'
-DerivePointerAlignment: 'false'
-FixNamespaceComments: 'true'
+BreakStringLiterals: "true"
+ColumnLimit: "120"
+CompactNamespaces: "false"
+Cpp11BracedListStyle: "true"
+DerivePointerAlignment: "false"
+FixNamespaceComments: "true"
 IncludeBlocks: Regroup
 IncludeCategories:
-  # Kernel API Headers
-  - Regex: 'kapi/[[:alnum:]._\/]+\.hpp'
+  - Regex: kapi/[[:alnum:]._\/]+\.hpp
     Priority: 100
-  # Architecture Implementation Headers
-  - Regex: 'x86_64/[[:alnum:]._\/]+\.hpp'
+  - Regex: x86_64/[[:alnum:]._\/]+\.hpp
     Priority: 110
-  # Library Headers
-  - Regex: '[[:alnum:]._\/]+\.hpp'
+  - Regex: "[[:alnum:]._\\/]+\\.hpp"
     Priority: 300
-  # STL Headers
-  - Regex: '<[[:alnum:]._]+(?!\.(h|hpp))>'
+  - Regex: <[[:alnum:]._]+(?!\.(h|hpp))>
     Priority: 900
-IndentCaseLabels: 'true'
+IndentCaseLabels: "true"
 IndentPPDirectives: None
-IndentWidth: '2'
-KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: 'false'
+IndentWidth: "2"
+KeepEmptyLinesAtTheStartOfBlocks: "false"
 Language: Cpp
-MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: '1'
+MaxEmptyLinesToKeep: "1"
 NamespaceIndentation: All
 PointerAlignment: Middle
-ReflowComments: 'true'
-SortIncludes: 'true'
-SortUsingDeclarations: 'true'
-SpaceAfterCStyleCast: 'false'
-SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: 'false'
-SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: 'true'
+ReflowComments: "true"
+SortIncludes: "true"
+SortUsingDeclarations: "true"
+SpaceAfterCStyleCast: "false"
+SpaceAfterTemplateKeyword: "false"
+SpaceBeforeAssignmentOperators: "true"
 SpaceBeforeParens: ControlStatements
-SpaceInEmptyParentheses: 'false'
-SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: '2'
-SpacesInAngles: 'false'
-SpacesInContainerLiterals: 'false'
-SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: 'false'
-SpacesInParentheses: 'false'
-SpacesInSquareBrackets: 'false'
-Standard: Cpp11
-TabWidth: '2'
+SpaceInEmptyParentheses: "false"
+SpacesBeforeTrailingComments: "2"
+SpacesInAngles: "false"
+SpacesInContainerLiterals: "false"
+SpacesInCStyleCastParentheses: "false"
+SpacesInParentheses: "false"
+SpacesInSquareBrackets: "false"
+Standard: Latest
+TabWidth: "2"
 UseTab: Never
-...
+AlignArrayOfStructures: Right
+AlignConsecutiveBitFields: {}
+AllowAllArgumentsOnNextLine: false
+AllowBreakBeforeNoexceptSpecifier: Never
+AllowShortCaseExpressionOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortCompoundRequirementOnASingleLine: true
+AllowShortEnumsOnASingleLine: false
+AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: Inline
+BitFieldColonSpacing: Both
+BracedInitializerIndentWidth: 2
+IntegerLiteralSeparator:
+  Binary: 4
+  BinaryMinDigits: 8
+  Decimal: 3
+  DecimalMinDigits: 6
+  Hex: 4
+  HexMinDigits: 8
+QualifierAlignment: Custom
+QualifierOrder:
+  - constexpr
+  - type
+  - static
+  - inline
+  - const
+SpaceBeforeRangeBasedForLoopColon: true
+SpaceBeforeSquareBrackets: false
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/boot.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/boot.hpp
index 86f8ce3..3a3620d 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/boot.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/boot.hpp
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #define TEACHOS_X86_64_BOOT_BOOT_H
 
 #ifdef __ASSEMBLER__
+/* clang-format off */
 /**
  * @brief The number of huge pages to map during bootstrap.
  */
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@
  * @brief The "L" bit in a GDT entry.
  */
 #define GDT_LONG_MODE (1 << 53)
-
+/* clang-format on */
 #else
 
 #include <multiboot2/information.hpp>
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/crtc.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/crtc.hpp
index e5ab9f1..be72ac4 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/crtc.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/crtc.hpp
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@ namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::crtc
     /**
      * @brief The address of the Cursor Start register of the CRTC.
      */
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto constexpr cursor_start = std::byte{0x0a};
+    [[maybe_unused]] constexpr auto cursor_start = std::byte{0x0a};
 
     /**
      * @brief The address of the Cursor End register of the CRTC.
      */
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto constexpr cursor_end = std::byte{0x0b};
+    [[maybe_unused]] constexpr auto cursor_end = std::byte{0x0b};
   }  // namespace registers
 
 }  // namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::crtc
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp
index c193576..858350f 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp
@@ -68,25 +68,25 @@ namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::text
     /**
      * @brief Make the affected cell display with a gray foreground and black background.
      */
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto constexpr gray_on_black =
+    [[maybe_unused]] constexpr auto gray_on_black =
         attribute{color::gray, foreground_flag::none, color::black, background_flag::none};
 
     /**
      * @brief Make the affected cell display with a green foreground and black background.
      */
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto constexpr green_on_black =
+    [[maybe_unused]] constexpr auto green_on_black =
         attribute{color::green, foreground_flag::none, color::black, background_flag::none};
 
     /**
      * @brief Make the affected cell display with a green foreground and black background.
      */
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto constexpr red_on_black =
+    [[maybe_unused]] constexpr auto red_on_black =
         attribute{color::red, foreground_flag::none, color::black, background_flag::none};
 
     /**
      * @brief Make the affected cell display with a white (gray + intense) foreground and red background.
      */
-    [[maybe_unused]] auto constexpr white_on_red =
+    [[maybe_unused]] constexpr auto white_on_red =
         attribute{color::gray, foreground_flag::intense, color::red, background_flag::none};
   }  // namespace common_attributes
 
@@ -108,10 +108,22 @@ namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::text
      */
     auto cursor(bool enabled) -> void;
 
-    auto write(std::string_view text) -> void override { write(text, common_attributes::green_on_black); }
-    auto writeln(std::string_view text) -> void override { writeln(text, common_attributes::green_on_black); }
-    auto write_error(std::string_view text) -> void override { write(text, common_attributes::red_on_black); }
-    auto writeln_error(std::string_view text) -> void override { writeln(text, common_attributes::red_on_black); }
+    auto write(std::string_view text) -> void override
+    {
+      write(text, common_attributes::green_on_black);
+    }
+    auto writeln(std::string_view text) -> void override
+    {
+      writeln(text, common_attributes::green_on_black);
+    }
+    auto write_error(std::string_view text) -> void override
+    {
+      write(text, common_attributes::red_on_black);
+    }
+    auto writeln_error(std::string_view text) -> void override
+    {
+      writeln(text, common_attributes::red_on_black);
+    }
 
   private:
     /**
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/interrupt_descriptor_table/segment_selector.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/interrupt_descriptor_table/segment_selector.hpp
index 2a7704e..ea8c145 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/interrupt_descriptor_table/segment_selector.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/interrupt_descriptor_table/segment_selector.hpp
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@ namespace teachos::arch::context_switching::interrupt_descriptor_table
 
   private:
     uint8_t _flags : 3 = {};  ///< Underlying bits used to read the flags from.
-    uint16_t _index : 13 =
-        {};  ///< Index into the local or global descriptor table. Processor multiplies the index value by 16 (number of
-             ///< bytes in segment descriptor) and adds the result to the base address.
+    uint16_t _index
+        : 13 = {};  ///< Index into the local or global descriptor table. Processor multiplies the index value by 16
+                    ///< (number of bytes in segment descriptor) and adds the result to the base address.
   };
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::context_switching::interrupt_descriptor_table
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/syscall/main.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/syscall/main.hpp
index 59adc13..f507c61 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/syscall/main.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/context_switching/syscall/main.hpp
@@ -41,7 +41,10 @@ namespace teachos::arch::context_switching::syscall
    * @param e Error code that was returned by the syscall.
    * @return Return true if there was no error and false otherwise.
    */
-  constexpr bool operator!(error e) { return e == error::OK; }
+  constexpr bool operator!(error e)
+  {
+    return e == error::OK;
+  }
 
   /**
    * @brief Maximum amount of arguments that can be passed to a syscall. Default value is 0 and arguments are only ever
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/allocator/tiny_frame_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/allocator/tiny_frame_allocator.hpp
index 1ceb74d..1e4746d 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/allocator/tiny_frame_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/allocator/tiny_frame_allocator.hpp
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::allocator
 {
   namespace
   {
-    uint8_t constexpr TINY_ALLOCATOR_FRAMES_COUNT = 3U;
+    constexpr uint8_t TINY_ALLOCATOR_FRAMES_COUNT = 3U;
   }
 
   /**
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp
index c98c130..480b1d0 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      *
      * @param new_type Type of the heap allocation implementation we want to instantiate
      */
-    static auto register_heap_allocator(heap_allocator_type new_type) -> void;
+    auto static register_heap_allocator(heap_allocator_type new_type) -> void;
 
     /**
      * @brief Allocates the given amount of memory and returns the pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area.
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      * @param size Amount of bytes that should be allocated
      * @return void* Pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area
      */
-    static auto kmalloc(std::size_t size) -> void *;
+    auto static kmalloc(std::size_t size) -> void *;
 
     /**
      * @brief Deallocated all memory associated with the memory area starting from the given pointer address.
@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      *
      * @param pointer Previously allocated memory area, that should now be freed
      */
-    static auto kfree(void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
+    auto static kfree(void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
 
     /**
      * @brief Allocates the given amount of memory and returns the pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area.
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      * @return void* Pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area
      */
     [[gnu::section(".user_text")]]
-    static auto malloc(std::size_t size) -> void *;
+    auto static malloc(std::size_t size) -> void *;
 
     /**
      * @brief Deallocated all memory associated with the memory area starting from the given pointer address.
@@ -73,11 +73,11 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      * @param pointer Previously allocated memory area, that should now be freed
      */
     [[gnu::section(".user_text")]]
-    static auto free(void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
+    auto static free(void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
 
   private:
-    static heap_allocator * kernel_allocator_instance;  ///< Instance used to allocate and deallocate kernel heap memory
-    [[gnu::section(".user_data")]] static user_heap_allocator *
+    heap_allocator static * kernel_allocator_instance;  ///< Instance used to allocate and deallocate kernel heap memory
+    [[gnu::section(".user_data")]] user_heap_allocator static *
         user_allocator_instance;  ///< Instance used to allocate and deallocate user heap memory
 
     /**
@@ -85,15 +85,14 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      *
      * @return Reference to the registered kernel heap allocation
      */
-    static auto kernel() -> heap_allocator &;
+    auto static kernel() -> heap_allocator &;
 
     /**
      * @brief Either returns the previously registered heap allocated or halts further execution
      *
      * @return Reference to the registered user heap allocation
      */
-    [[gnu::section(".user_text")]]
-    static auto user() -> user_heap_allocator &;
+    [[gnu::section(".user_text")]] auto static user() -> user_heap_allocator &;
   };
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp
index 420a1d3..6c25532 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
 
 namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 {
-  std::size_t constexpr KERNEL_HEAP_START = 0x100000000;
-  std::size_t constexpr KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE = 100 * 1024;
-  std::size_t constexpr USER_HEAP_START = 0x100019000;  // Starts directly after kernel heap
-  std::size_t constexpr USER_HEAP_SIZE = 100 * 1024;
+  constexpr std::size_t KERNEL_HEAP_START = 0x1'0000'0000;
+  constexpr std::size_t KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE = 100 * 1024;
+  constexpr std::size_t USER_HEAP_START = 0x1'0001'9000;  // Starts directly after kernel heap
+  constexpr std::size_t USER_HEAP_SIZE = 100 * 1024;
 
   /**
    * @brief Heap allocator interface containing methods required to allocate and deallocate heap memory areas
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
index bbbad19..540ff5c 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@
 
 #include "arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp"
 #include "arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp"
-
 #include <kstd/mutex.hpp>
 
 namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
@@ -44,7 +43,10 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      *
      * @return Smallest allocatable block of heap memory.
      */
-    auto constexpr min_allocatable_size() -> std::size_t { return sizeof(memory_block); }
+    constexpr auto min_allocatable_size() -> std::size_t
+    {
+      return sizeof(memory_block);
+    }
 
     /**
      * @brief Removes a free memory block from the free list and returns its address so the caller can allocate into it.
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp
index 3b47f15..15d8574 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/pre/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 
 // #include <kstd/mutex.hpp>
 #include <kstd/mutex.hpp>
+
 #include <optional>
 
 namespace