kstd: move println to kstd

13 files changed, 313 insertions, 309 deletions

diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp
index 9f80f94..fcda67f 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/vga/text.hpp
@@ -121,25 +121,7 @@ namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::text
      */
     auto cursor(bool enabled) -> void;
 
-    auto write(std::string_view text) -> void override
-    {
-      write(text, common_attributes::green_on_black);
-    }
-
-    auto writeln(std::string_view text) -> void override
-    {
-      writeln(text, common_attributes::green_on_black);
-    }
-
-    auto write_error(std::string_view text) -> void override
-    {
-      write(text, common_attributes::red_on_black);
-    }
-
-    auto writeln_error(std::string_view text) -> void override
-    {
-      writeln(text, common_attributes::red_on_black);
-    }
+    auto write(cio::output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void override;
 
   private:
     using glyph = std::pair<char, std::byte>;
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/kapi/memory.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/kapi/memory.cpp
index 0a45a51..5234110 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/kapi/memory.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/kapi/memory.cpp
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #include "kapi/memory.hpp"
 
 #include "kapi/boot.hpp"
-#include "kapi/cio.hpp"
 #include "kapi/system.hpp"
 
 #include "x86_64/boot/boot.hpp"
@@ -17,6 +16,8 @@
 #include "x86_64/memory/region_allocator.hpp"
 #include "x86_64/memory/scoped_mapping.hpp"
 
+#include <kstd/print>
+
 #include <multiboot2/information.hpp>
 
 #include <atomic>
@@ -164,7 +165,7 @@ namespace teachos::memory
       system::panic("[x86_64] Memory management has already been initialized.");
     }
 
-    cio::println("[x86_64:MEM] Enabling additional CPU protection features.");
+    kstd::println("[x86_64:MEM] Enabling additional CPU protection features.");
 
     enable_cpu_protections();
 
@@ -172,7 +173,7 @@ namespace teachos::memory
     buffered_allocator.emplace(&*region_based_allocator);
     recursive_page_mapper.emplace(*buffered_allocator);
 
-    cio::println("[x86_64:MEM] Preparing new paging hierarchy.");
+    kstd::println("[x86_64:MEM] Preparing new paging hierarchy.");
 
     auto new_pml4_frame = inject_faux_pml4(*buffered_allocator, *recursive_page_mapper);
 
@@ -180,7 +181,7 @@ namespace teachos::memory
     remap_vga_text_mode_buffer(*recursive_page_mapper);
     remap_multiboot_information(*recursive_page_mapper);
 
-    cio::println("[x86_64:MEM] Switching to new paging hierarchy.");
+    kstd::println("[x86_64:MEM] Switching to new paging hierarchy.");
 
     auto cr3 = cpu::x86_64::cr3::read();
     cr3.frame(new_pml4_frame);
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/kernel_mapper.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/kernel_mapper.cpp
index 5295bb3..50fa325 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/kernel_mapper.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/kernel_mapper.cpp
@@ -1,11 +1,12 @@
 #include "x86_64/memory/kernel_mapper.hpp"
 
-#include "kapi/cio.hpp"
 #include "kapi/memory.hpp"
 #include "kapi/system.hpp"
 
 #include "x86_64/boot/ld.hpp"
 
+#include <kstd/print>
+
 #include <elf/format.hpp>
 #include <elf/section_header.hpp>
 #include <multiboot2/information.hpp>
@@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ namespace teachos::memory::x86_64
   auto kernel_mapper::map_section(section_header_type const & section, std::string_view name, page_mapper & mapper)
       -> void
   {
-    cio::println("[x86_64:MEM] mapping {} ({} bytes)", name, section.size);
+    kstd::println("[x86_64:MEM] mapping {} ({} bytes)", name, section.size);
 
     auto number_of_pages = (section.size + (PLATFORM_PAGE_SIZE - 1)) / PLATFORM_PAGE_SIZE;
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/vga/text.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/vga/text.cpp
index d4548a2..8f6214e 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/vga/text.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/vga/text.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #include "x86_64/vga/text.hpp"
 
 #include "kapi/boot.hpp"
+#include "kapi/cio.hpp"
 
 #include "x86_64/boot/boot.hpp"
 #include "x86_64/boot/ld.hpp"
@@ -76,6 +77,20 @@ namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::text
     m_position = (line() - scroll_count) * DEFAULT_TEXT_BUFFER_WIDTH;
   }
 
+  auto device::write(cio::output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void
+  {
+    auto attributes = [&] -> attribute {
+      switch (stream)
+      {
+        case cio::output_stream::stderr:
+          return common_attributes::red_on_black;
+        default:
+          return common_attributes::green_on_black;
+      }
+    }();
+    write(text, attributes);
+  }
+
   auto device::write(std::string_view code_points, attribute attribute) -> void
   {
     std::ranges::for_each(code_points, [&](auto code_point) -> void { write(code_point, attribute); });
@@ -87,16 +102,17 @@ namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::text
     {
       scroll();
     }
-    buffer[m_position++] = std::pair{code_point, std::bit_cast<std::byte>(attribute)};
-  };
 
-  auto device::writeln(std::string_view code_points, attribute attribute) -> void
-  {
-    std::ranges::for_each(code_points, [&](auto code_point) -> void { write(code_point, attribute); });
-    if (column())
+    if (code_point == '\n')
     {
-      newline();
+      if (column())
+      {
+        newline();
+      }
+      return;
     }
-  }
+
+    buffer[m_position++] = std::pair{code_point, std::bit_cast<std::byte>(attribute)};
+  };
 
 }  // namespace teachos::vga::x86_64::text
diff --git a/kapi/include/kapi/cio.hpp b/kapi/include/kapi/cio.hpp
index 98c715b..30619ec 100644
--- a/kapi/include/kapi/cio.hpp
+++ b/kapi/include/kapi/cio.hpp
@@ -5,10 +5,8 @@
 
 #include <kstd/format>
 
-#include <array>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string_view>
-#include <type_traits>
 
 namespace teachos::cio
 {
@@ -27,79 +25,31 @@ namespace teachos::cio
   //! @return The previously active output device.
   auto set_output_device(output_device & device) -> std::optional<output_device *>;
 
-  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
-  //! Print the given text to the currently active output device.
-  //!
-  //! @param text The text to print.
-  auto print(std::string_view text) -> void;
-
-  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
-  //! Print the given text, including a newline, to the currently active output device.
-  //!
-  //! @param text The text to print.
-  auto println(std::string_view text) -> void;
-
-  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
-  //! Print the given error text, to the currently active output device.
-  //!
-  //! @param text The error text to print.
-  auto print_error(std::string_view text) -> void;
-
-  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
-  //! Print the given error text, including a newline, to the currently active output device.
-  //!
-  //! @param text The error text to print.
-  auto println_error(std::string_view text) -> void;
-
-  template<typename... Args>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
-  auto print(kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
-  {
-    auto vprint(std::string_view format, kstd::format_args args) -> void;
-    auto arguments = std::array{
-      kstd::format_arg{&args, kstd::format_dispatcher<std::remove_cvref_t<Args>>}
-      ...
-    };
-    vprint(format.str, kstd::format_args{arguments.data(), sizeof...(Args)});
-  }
-
-  template<typename... Args>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
-  auto println(kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
-  {
-    auto vprint(std::string_view format, kstd::format_args args) -> void;
-    auto arguments = std::array{
-      kstd::format_arg{&args, kstd::format_dispatcher<std::remove_cvref_t<Args>>}
-      ...
-    };
-    vprint(format.str, kstd::format_args{arguments.data(), sizeof...(Args)});
-    println("");
-  }
-
-  template<typename... Args>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
-  auto print_error(kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
-  {
-    auto vprint_error(std::string_view format, kstd::format_args args) -> void;
-    auto arguments = std::array{
-      kstd::format_arg{&args, kstd::format_dispatcher<std::remove_cvref_t<Args>>}
-      ...
-    };
-    vprint_error(format.str, kstd::format_args{arguments.data(), sizeof...(Args)});
-  }
-
-  template<typename... Args>
-  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
-  auto println_error(kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
-  {
-    auto vprint_error(std::string_view format, kstd::format_args args) -> void;
-    auto arguments = std::array{
-      kstd::format_arg{&args, kstd::format_dispatcher<std::remove_cvref_t<Args>>}
-      ...
-    };
-    vprint_error(format.str, kstd::format_args{arguments.data(), sizeof...(Args)});
-    println_error("");
-  }
+  auto write(output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void;
+
+  // //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  // //! Print the given text to the currently active output device.
+  // //!
+  // //! @param text The text to print.
+  // auto print(std::string_view text) -> void;
+
+  // //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  // //! Print the given text, including a newline, to the currently active output device.
+  // //!
+  // //! @param text The text to print.
+  // auto println(std::string_view text) -> void;
+
+  // //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  // //! Print the given error text, to the currently active output device.
+  // //!
+  // //! @param text The error text to print.
+  // auto print_error(std::string_view text) -> void;
+
+  // //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  // //! Print the given error text, including a newline, to the currently active output device.
+  // //!
+  // //! @param text The error text to print.
+  // auto println_error(std::string_view text) -> void;
 
 }  // namespace teachos::cio
 
diff --git a/kapi/include/kapi/cio/output_device.hpp b/kapi/include/kapi/cio/output_device.hpp
index 0599906..bbdf6ed 100644
--- a/kapi/include/kapi/cio/output_device.hpp
+++ b/kapi/include/kapi/cio/output_device.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,12 @@
 namespace teachos::cio
 {
 
+  enum struct output_stream
+  {
+    stdout,
+    stderr,
+  };
+
   //! The interface of a device able to perform character output on a platform.
   struct output_device
   {
@@ -20,23 +26,9 @@ namespace teachos::cio
 
     //! Write the given text to the output device.
     //!
+    //! @param stream The stream to write to.
     //! @param text The text to write.
-    auto virtual write(std::string_view text) -> void = 0;
-
-    //! Write the given text to the output device, appending a newline
-    //!
-    //! @param text The text to write.
-    auto virtual writeln(std::string_view text) -> void = 0;
-
-    //! Write the given error text to the output device.
-    //!
-    //! @param text The text to write.
-    auto virtual write_error(std::string_view text) -> void = 0;
-
-    //! Write the given error text to the output device, appending a newline
-    //!
-    //! @param text The text to write.
-    auto virtual writeln_error(std::string_view text) -> void = 0;
+    auto virtual write(output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void = 0;
 
   protected:
     output_device() = default;
diff --git a/kernel/CMakeLists.txt b/kernel/CMakeLists.txt
index 6bddf7c..7733c1b 100644
--- a/kernel/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/kernel/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 add_executable("kernel"
-    "src/kstd.cpp"
     "src/main.cpp"
 
+    # KSTD OS Implementation
+    "src/kstd/os.cpp"
+    "src/kstd/print.cpp"
+
     # Platform Independent KAPI implementation
     "src/kapi/cio.cpp"
     "src/kapi/memory.cpp"
diff --git a/kernel/src/kapi/cio.cpp b/kernel/src/kapi/cio.cpp
index 500d61e..fd5ad0d 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kapi/cio.cpp
+++ b/kernel/src/kapi/cio.cpp
@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 #include "kapi/cio.hpp"
 
-#include <kstd/format>
-
-#include <array>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <iterator>
 #include <optional>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <utility>
@@ -16,72 +11,10 @@ namespace teachos::cio
     struct null_device final : public output_device
     {
       null_device static instance;
-
-      auto write(std::string_view) -> void override {}
-      auto writeln(std::string_view) -> void override {}
-
-      auto write_error(std::string_view) -> void override {}
-      auto writeln_error(std::string_view) -> void override {}
+      auto write(output_stream, std::string_view) -> void override {}
     };
 
     constinit null_device null_device::instance;
-
-    struct write_buffer
-    {
-      constexpr auto static size = 128uz;
-
-      write_buffer(write_buffer const &) = delete;
-      write_buffer(write_buffer &&) = delete;
-      auto operator=(write_buffer const &) -> write_buffer & = delete;
-      auto operator=(write_buffer &&) -> write_buffer & = delete;
-
-      explicit write_buffer(output_device * device, bool write_to_error)
-          : m_device{device}
-          , m_write_to_error{write_to_error}
-      {}
-
-      ~write_buffer() noexcept
-      {
-        flush();
-      }
-
-      auto flush() noexcept -> void
-      {
-        if (m_position > 0)
-        {
-          std::string_view chunk{m_buffer.data(), m_position};
-          if (m_write_to_error)
-          {
-            m_device->write_error(chunk);
-          }
-          else
-          {
-            m_device->write(chunk);
-          }
-          m_position = 0;
-        }
-      }
-
-      auto static callback(void * object, std::string_view text) -> void
-      {
-        auto * self = static_cast<write_buffer *>(object);
-        for (char const character : text)
-        {
-          if (self->m_position >= size)
-          {
-            self->flush();
-          }
-          self->m_buffer.at(self->m_position++) = character;
-        }
-      }
-
-    private:
-      output_device * m_device;
-      bool m_write_to_error;
-      std::array<char, size> m_buffer{};
-      std::size_t m_position{};
-    };
-
   }  // namespace
 
   // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-non-const-global-variables)
@@ -96,117 +29,9 @@ namespace teachos::cio
     return std::exchange(active_device, &device);
   }
 
-  auto print(std::string_view text) -> void
-  {
-    active_device->write(text);
-  }
-
-  auto println(std::string_view text) -> void
-  {
-    active_device->writeln(text);
-  }
-
-  auto print_error(std::string_view text) -> void
-  {
-    active_device->write_error(text);
-  }
-
-  auto println_error(std::string_view text) -> void
-  {
-    active_device->writeln_error(text);
-  }
-
-  namespace
-  {
-    auto static vprint_impl(std::string_view fmt, kstd::format_args args, bool write_to_error) -> void
-    {
-      if (!active_device)
-        return;
-
-      auto writer = write_buffer{active_device, write_to_error};
-      auto context = kstd::format_context{.writer = write_buffer::callback, .user_data = &writer};
-
-      auto current = fmt.begin();
-      auto end = fmt.end();
-      auto next_automatic_index = 0uz;
-
-      while (current != end)
-      {
-        if (*current != '{')
-        {
-          auto start = current;
-          while (current != end && *current != '{')
-          {
-            std::advance(current, 1);
-          }
-          context.push(std::string_view(start, current - start));
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        if (std::next(current) != end && *(std::next(current)) == '{')
-        {
-          context.push('{');
-          std::advance(current, 2);
-          continue;
-        }
-
-        std::advance(current, 1);
-
-        auto index = 0uz;
-        if (current != end && *current >= '0' && *current <= '9')
-        {
-          while (current != end && *current >= '0' && *current <= '9')
-          {
-            // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers)
-            index = index * 10 + static_cast<std::size_t>(*current - '0');
-            std::advance(current, 1);
-          }
-        }
-        else
-        {
-          index = next_automatic_index++;
-        }
-
-        auto remaining_fmt = std::string_view{current, static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(current, end))};
-
-        auto const arg = args.get(index);
-        if (arg.format)
-        {
-          auto const after_specs = arg.format(arg.value, remaining_fmt, context);
-          auto const consumed = remaining_fmt.size() - after_specs.size();
-          std::advance(current, consumed);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-          context.push("{?}");
-          while (current != end && *current != '}')
-            std::advance(current, 1);
-        }
-
-        if (current != end && *current == '}')
-        {
-          std::advance(current, 1);
-        }
-        else
-        {
-          context.push("{fmt-err}");
-          while (current != end && *current != '}')
-            std::advance(current, 1);
-          if (current != end)
-            std::advance(current, 1);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }  // namespace
-
-  auto vprint(std::string_view fmt, kstd::format_args args) -> void
-  {
-    vprint_impl(fmt, args, false);
-  }
-
-  auto vprint_error(std::string_view fmt, kstd::format_args args) -> void
+  auto write(output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void
   {
-    vprint_impl(fmt, args, true);
+    active_device->write(stream, text);
   }
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cio
\ No newline at end of file
+}  // namespace teachos::cio
diff --git a/kernel/src/kapi/system.cpp b/kernel/src/kapi/system.cpp
index 1cca82e..cdde049 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kapi/system.cpp
+++ b/kernel/src/kapi/system.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 #include "kapi/system.hpp"
 
-#include "kapi/cio.hpp"
 #include "kapi/cpu.hpp"
 
+#include <kstd/print>
+
 #include <source_location>
 #include <string_view>
 
@@ -12,8 +13,8 @@ namespace teachos::system
   [[gnu::weak]]
   auto panic(std::string_view message, std::source_location location) -> void
   {
-    cio::println_error("[PANIC] in {} : {} @ {}:{}", location.function_name(), message, location.file_name(),
-                       location.line());
+    kstd::println(kstd::print_sink::stderr, "[PANIC] in {} : {} @ {}:{}", location.function_name(), message,
+                  location.file_name(), location.line());
     cpu::halt();
   }
 
diff --git a/kernel/src/kstd.cpp b/kernel/src/kstd/os.cpp
index 41c4d60..41c4d60 100644
--- a/kernel/src/kstd.cpp
+++ b/kernel/src/kstd/os.cpp
diff --git a/kernel/src/kstd/print.cpp b/kernel/src/kstd/print.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2fdafa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/kernel/src/kstd/print.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+#include "kapi/cio.hpp"
+
+#include <kstd/format>
+#include <kstd/print>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <iterator>
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace kstd::os
+{
+
+  namespace
+  {
+    struct write_buffer
+    {
+      using output_stream = teachos::cio::output_stream;
+
+      constexpr auto static size = 128uz;
+
+      write_buffer(write_buffer const &) = delete;
+      write_buffer(write_buffer &&) = delete;
+      auto operator=(write_buffer const &) -> write_buffer & = delete;
+      auto operator=(write_buffer &&) -> write_buffer & = delete;
+
+      explicit write_buffer(output_stream stream)
+          : m_stream{stream}
+      {}
+
+      ~write_buffer() noexcept
+      {
+        flush();
+      }
+
+      auto flush() noexcept -> void
+      {
+        if (m_position > 0)
+        {
+          std::string_view chunk{m_buffer.data(), m_position};
+          teachos::cio::write(m_stream, chunk);
+          m_position = 0;
+        }
+      }
+
+      auto static callback(void * object, std::string_view text) -> void
+      {
+        auto * self = static_cast<write_buffer *>(object);
+        for (char const character : text)
+        {
+          if (self->m_position >= size)
+          {
+            self->flush();
+          }
+          self->m_buffer.at(self->m_position++) = character;
+        }
+      }
+
+    private:
+      output_stream m_stream;
+      std::array<char, size> m_buffer{};
+      std::size_t m_position{};
+    };
+
+  }  // namespace
+
+  auto vprint(print_sink sink, std::string_view format, kstd::format_args args) -> void
+  {
+    auto writer = write_buffer{(sink == print_sink::stderr) ? teachos::cio::output_stream::stderr
+                                                            : teachos::cio::output_stream::stdout};
+    auto context = kstd::format_context{.writer = write_buffer::callback, .user_data = &writer};
+
+    auto current = format.begin();
+    auto end = format.end();
+    auto next_automatic_index = 0uz;
+
+    while (current != end)
+    {
+      if (*current != '{')
+      {
+        auto start = current;
+        while (current != end && *current != '{')
+        {
+          std::advance(current, 1);
+        }
+        context.push(std::string_view(start, current - start));
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (std::next(current) != end && *(std::next(current)) == '{')
+      {
+        context.push('{');
+        std::advance(current, 2);
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      std::advance(current, 1);
+
+      auto index = 0uz;
+      if (current != end && *current >= '0' && *current <= '9')
+      {
+        while (current != end && *current >= '0' && *current <= '9')
+        {
+          // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-avoid-magic-numbers)
+          index = index * 10 + static_cast<std::size_t>(*current - '0');
+          std::advance(current, 1);
+        }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        index = next_automatic_index++;
+      }
+
+      auto remaining_fmt = std::string_view{current, static_cast<std::size_t>(std::distance(current, end))};
+
+      auto const arg = args.get(index);
+      if (arg.format)
+      {
+        auto const after_specs = arg.format(arg.value, remaining_fmt, context);
+        auto const consumed = remaining_fmt.size() - after_specs.size();
+        std::advance(current, consumed);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        context.push("{?}");
+        while (current != end && *current != '}')
+          std::advance(current, 1);
+      }
+
+      if (current != end && *current == '}')
+      {
+        std::advance(current, 1);
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        context.push("{fmt-err}");
+        while (current != end && *current != '}')
+          std::advance(current, 1);
+        if (current != end)
+          std::advance(current, 1);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+}  // namespace kstd::os
diff --git a/kernel/src/main.cpp b/kernel/src/main.cpp
index 3394275..f1e5dd0 100644
--- a/kernel/src/main.cpp
+++ b/kernel/src/main.cpp
@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@
 #include "kapi/memory.hpp"
 #include "kapi/system.hpp"
 
+#include <kstd/print>
+
 auto main() -> int
 {
   teachos::cio::init();
-  teachos::cio::println("[OS] IO subsystem initialized.");
+  kstd::println("[OS] IO subsystem initialized.");
 
   teachos::memory::init();
-  teachos::cio::println("[OS] Memory subsystem initialized.");
+  kstd::println("[OS] Memory subsystem initialized.");
 
   teachos::system::panic("Returning from kernel main!");
 }
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/print b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/print
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df42997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/print
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#ifndef KSTD_PRINT
+#define KSTD_PRINT
+
+#include <kstd/format>
+
+#include <array>
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace kstd
+{
+
+  enum struct print_sink
+  {
+    stdout,
+    stderr,
+  };
+
+  namespace os
+  {
+    auto vprint(print_sink sink, std::string_view format, kstd::format_args args) -> void;
+  }  // namespace os
+
+  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  //! Format the given string using the given arguments and print it to the currently active output device.
+  //!
+  //! @param format The format string
+  //! @param args The arguments to use to place in the format string's placeholders.
+  template<typename... Args>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
+  auto print(kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
+  {
+    auto arguments = std::array<kstd::format_arg, sizeof...(Args)>{
+      kstd::format_arg{&args, kstd::format_dispatcher<std::remove_cvref_t<Args>>}
+      ...
+    };
+    os::vprint(print_sink::stdout, format.str, kstd::format_args{arguments.data(), sizeof...(Args)});
+  }
+
+  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  //! Format the given error string using the given arguments and print it to the currently active output device.
+  //!
+  //! @param format The format string
+  //! @param args The arguments to use to place in the format string's placeholders.
+  template<typename... Args>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
+  auto print(print_sink sink, kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
+  {
+    auto arguments = std::array<kstd::format_arg, sizeof...(Args)>{
+      kstd::format_arg{&args, kstd::format_dispatcher<std::remove_cvref_t<Args>>}
+      ...
+    };
+    os::vprint(sink, format.str, kstd::format_args{arguments.data(), sizeof...(Args)});
+  }
+
+  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  //! Format the given string using the given arguments and print it, including a newline, to the currently active
+  //! output device.
+  //!
+  //! @param format The format string
+  //! @param args The arguments to use to place in the format string's placeholders.
+  template<typename... Args>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
+  auto println(kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
+  {
+    print(format, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    print(print_sink::stdout, "\n");
+  }
+
+  //! @qualifier kernel-defined
+  //! Format the given error string using the given arguments and print it, including a newline, to the currently active
+  //! output device.
+  //!
+  //! @param format The format string
+  //! @param args The arguments
+  template<typename... Args>
+  // NOLINTNEXTLINE(cppcoreguidelines-missing-std-forward)
+  auto println(print_sink sink, kstd::format_string<std::type_identity_t<Args>...> format, Args &&... args) -> void
+  {
+    print(sink, format, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
+    print(sink, "\n");
+  }
+
+}  // namespace kstd
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file