63 files changed, 393 insertions, 378 deletions

diff --git a/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt b/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
index 519fb93..413b5aa 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -11,6 +11,11 @@ target_link_libraries("x86_64" PUBLIC
 )
 
 target_sources("x86_64" PRIVATE
+    # Platform-dependent KAPI implementation
+    "kapi/cio.cpp"
+    "kapi/cpu.cpp"
+    "kapi/memory.cpp"
+
     # Low-level bootstrap
     "src/boot/boot32.S"
     "src/boot/entry64.s"
@@ -20,11 +25,6 @@ target_sources("x86_64" PRIVATE
     # Debug interfaces
     "src/debug/qemu_output.cpp"
 
-    # api::kapi implementation
-    "src/kapi/cio.cpp"
-    "src/kapi/cpu.cpp"
-    "src/kapi/memory.cpp"
-
     # Memory management
     "src/memory/kernel_mapper.cpp"
     "src/memory/mmu.cpp"
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/boot.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/boot/boot.hpp
index 2c44659..71e8a70 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/boot.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/boot/boot.hpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 
-namespace teachos::boot
+namespace kapi::boot
 {
 
   struct information
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ namespace teachos::boot
     std::size_t vga_buffer_index;
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::boot
+}  // namespace kapi::boot
 
 #endif
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/ld.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/boot/ld.hpp
index b073863..988723d 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/boot/ld.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/boot/ld.hpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 
 #include <cstddef>
 
-namespace teachos::boot::x86_64
+namespace arch::boot
 {
 
   extern "C"
@@ -56,6 +56,6 @@ namespace teachos::boot::x86_64
     extern std::byte TEACHOS_VMA;
   }
 
-}  // namespace teachos::boot::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::boot
 
 #endif
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/control_register.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/control_register.hpp
index 67ae87e..681dc5f 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/control_register.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/control_register.hpp
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
-#ifndef TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_IMPL_CONTROL_REGISTERS_HPP
-#define TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_IMPL_CONTROL_REGISTERS_HPP
+#ifndef TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_CONTROL_REGISTERS_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_CONTROL_REGISTERS_HPP
 
-// IWYU pragma: private, include "x86_64/cpu/registers.hpp"
+// IWYU pragma: private, include "arch/cpu/registers.hpp"
 
 #include "kapi/memory.hpp"
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 #include <type_traits>
 #include <utility>
 
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
   namespace impl
   {
@@ -58,22 +58,22 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
     page_level_write_through = 1uz << 0,
     page_level_cache_disable = 1uz << 1,
   };
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 namespace kstd::ext
 {
   template<>
-  struct is_bitfield_enum<teachos::cpu::x86_64::cr0_flags> : std::true_type
+  struct is_bitfield_enum<arch::cpu::cr0_flags> : std::true_type
   {
   };
 
   template<>
-  struct is_bitfield_enum<teachos::cpu::x86_64::cr3_flags> : std::true_type
+  struct is_bitfield_enum<arch::cpu::cr3_flags> : std::true_type
   {
   };
 }  // namespace kstd::ext
 
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
   //! A mixin for flag-oriented control registers.
   //!
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
     //!
     //! @param address The physical address of the root page map
     //! @param flags The root configuration flags of the paging system.
-    constexpr cr3_value(memory::physical_address address, cr3_flags flags = static_cast<cr3_flags>(0))
+    constexpr cr3_value(kapi::memory::physical_address address, cr3_flags flags = static_cast<cr3_flags>(0))
         : m_flags{static_cast<std::uint64_t>(flags)}
         , m_address{static_cast<std::uint64_t>(address.raw())}
     {}
@@ -181,15 +181,15 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
     //! Extract the physical address of the root page map from this value.
     //!
     //! @return The physical address of the root page map.
-    [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto address() const -> memory::physical_address
+    [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto address() const -> kapi::memory::physical_address
     {
-      return memory::physical_address{m_address};
+      return kapi::memory::physical_address{m_address};
     }
 
     //! Encode the frame aligned physical address of the root page map into this value.
     //!
     //! @param frame The frame containing a PML4.
-    constexpr auto frame(memory::frame frame) -> void
+    constexpr auto frame(kapi::memory::frame frame) -> void
     {
       m_address = static_cast<std::uint64_t>(frame.number());
     }
@@ -243,6 +243,6 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
 
   static_assert(sizeof(cr3_value) == sizeof(std::uint64_t));
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/interrupts.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/interrupts.hpp
index 88d0b78..92c5824 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/interrupts.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/interrupts.hpp
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 #ifndef TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_INTERRUPTS_HPP
 #define TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_INTERRUPTS_HPP
 
-#include "x86_64/cpu/segment_selector.hpp"
+#include "arch/cpu/segment_selector.hpp"
 
 #include <array>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <type_traits>
 
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
 
   //! The types of supported gates.
@@ -56,6 +56,6 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
     std::array<gate_descriptor, 256> m_descriptors{};
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/model_specific_register.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/model_specific_register.hpp
index 39765fe..8539a24 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/model_specific_register.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/model_specific_register.hpp
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_IMPL_MODEL_SPECIFIC_REGISTER_HPP
-#define TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_IMPL_MODEL_SPECIFIC_REGISTER_HPP
+#ifndef TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_MODEL_SPECIFIC_REGISTER_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_X86_64_CPU_MODEL_SPECIFIC_REGISTER_HPP
 
 // IWYU pragma: private, include "x86_64/cpu/registers.hpp"
 
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <type_traits>
 
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
 
   //! The flags of the IA32_EFER (Extended Features Enable Register) MSR.
@@ -25,19 +25,19 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
     execute_disable_bit_enable = 1uz << 11,
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 namespace kstd::ext
 {
 
   template<>
-  struct is_bitfield_enum<teachos::cpu::x86_64::ia32_efer_flags> : std::true_type
+  struct is_bitfield_enum<arch::cpu::ia32_efer_flags> : std::true_type
   {
   };
 
 }  // namespace kstd::ext
 
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
   //! The MSR number for the IA32_EFER MSR
   constexpr auto ia32_efer_number = 0xC000'0080u;
@@ -146,6 +146,6 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
     }
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/registers.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/registers.hpp
index 3ddd539..d7def10 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/registers.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/registers.hpp
@@ -3,10 +3,10 @@
 
 #include "kapi/memory.hpp"
 
-#include "x86_64/cpu/control_register.hpp"         // IWYU pragma: export
-#include "x86_64/cpu/model_specific_register.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "arch/cpu/control_register.hpp"         // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "arch/cpu/model_specific_register.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
 
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
 
   //! Configuration Register 0.
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
   //! Configuration Register 2.
   //!
   //! This configuration register holds the memory address the access to which has triggered the most recent page fault.
-  using cr2 = control_register<memory::linear_address, &impl::cr2_asm>;
+  using cr2 = control_register<kapi::memory::linear_address, &impl::cr2_asm>;
 
   //! Configuration Register 3.
   //!
@@ -27,6 +27,6 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
   //! The I32_EFER (Extended Feature Enable Register) MSR
   using i32_efer = model_specific_register<ia32_efer_number, ia32_efer_flags>;
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/segment_selector.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/segment_selector.hpp
index bb07e28..1a78c47 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/cpu/segment_selector.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/cpu/segment_selector.hpp
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@
 #define TEACHOS_X86_64_SEGMENT_SELECTOR_HPP
 
 #include <cstdint>
-namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+
+namespace arch::cpu
 {
 
   struct segment_selector
@@ -15,6 +16,6 @@ namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
   static_assert(sizeof(segment_selector) == sizeof(std::uint16_t));
   static_assert(alignof(segment_selector) == alignof(std::uint16_t));
 
-}  // namespace teachos::cpu::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::cpu
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/debug/qemu_output.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/debug/qemu_output.hpp
index 61b47d6..e72eb39 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/debug/qemu_output.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/debug/qemu_output.hpp
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 
 #include "kapi/cio.hpp"
 
-#include "x86_64/device_io/port_io.hpp"
+#include "arch/device_io/port_io.hpp"
 
 #include <string_view>
 
-namespace teachos::debug::x86_64
+namespace arch::debug
 {
 
   //! A QEMU debug console output device.
@@ -18,18 +18,18 @@ namespace teachos::debug::x86_64
   //! @note Support for the device has to be enabled when the emulator is started. The device will try to detect if the
   //! port is available. If the port is detected, any output to the device will be written to port before being
   //! forwarded to the lower device.
-  struct qemu_output : cio::output_device
+  struct qemu_output : kapi::cio::output_device
   {
     //! The port to write to.
-    using port = io::x86_64::port<0xE9, unsigned char, io::x86_64::port_write, io::x86_64::port_read>;
+    using port = io::port<0xE9, unsigned char, io::port_write, io::port_read>;
 
     //! Construct a new debug device wrapper for the given output device.
     //!
     //! @param lower The device to forward the output to.
     explicit qemu_output(output_device & lower);
 
-    //! @copydoc cio::output_device
-    auto write(cio::output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void override;
+    //! @copydoc kapi::cio::output_device
+    auto write(kapi::cio::output_stream stream, std::string_view text) -> void override;
 
   private:
     //! The device to forward the output to.
@@ -38,6 +38,6 @@ namespace teachos::debug::x86_64
     bool m_present;
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::debug::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::debug
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/device_io/port_io.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/device_io/port_io.hpp
index fa2ec2d..65e58e3 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/device_io/port_io.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/device_io/port_io.hpp
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
 #include <string_view>
 #include <type_traits>
 
-namespace teachos::io::x86_64
+namespace arch::io
 {
 
   //! The requirements imposed on a type usable for port I/O.
@@ -102,6 +102,6 @@ namespace teachos::io::x86_64
                                                       : std::string_view{"eax"};
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::io::x86_64
+}  // namespace arch::io
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/memory/buffered_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/buffered_allocator.hpp
index fa3b5cb..87ebbf6 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/x86_64/memory/buffered_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/buffered_allocator.hpp
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
 #include <optional>
 #include <utility>
 
-namespace teachos::memory::x86_64
+namespace arch::memory
 {
 
   template<std::size_t BufferSize>
-  struct buffered_allocator : frame_allocator
+  struct buffered_allocator : kapi::memory::frame_allocator
   {
     explicit buffered_allocator(frame_allocator * underlying)
         : m_underlying{underlying}
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ namespace teachos::memory::x86_64
       auto from_underlying = m_underlying->allocate_many(BufferSize);
       if (!from_underlying)
       {
-        system::panic("[x86_64:MEM] Not enough frames available from underlying allocator.");
+        kapi::system::panic("[x86_64:MEM] Not enough frames available from underlying allocator.");
       }
       auto [first_frame, count] = *from_underlying;
       std::ranges::generate_n(m_pool.begin(), count, [first_frame]() mutable { return first_frame++; });
@@ -45,7 +45,8 @@ namespace teachos::memory::x86_64
     auto operator=(buffered_allocator const &) = delete;
     auto operator=(buffered_allocator &&) = delete;
 
-    auto allocate_many(std::size_t count = 1) noexcept -> std::optional<std::pair<frame, std::size_t>> override
+    auto allocate_many(std::size_t count = 1) noexcept
+        -> std::optional<std::pair<kapi::memory::frame, std::size_t>> override
     {
       if (count > m_free)
       {
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ namespace teachos::memory::x86_64
       return m_underlying->allocate_many(count);
     }
 
-    auto release_many(std::pair<frame, std::size_t> frame_set) -> void override
+    auto release_many(std::pair<kapi::memory::frame, std::size_t> frame_set) -> void override
     {
       if (m_free == BufferSize)
       {
@@ -129,9 +130,9 @@ namespace teachos::memory::x86_64
 
     frame_allocator * m_underlying;
     std::size_t m_free;
-    std::array<std::optional<frame>, BufferSize> m_pool{};
+    std::array<std::optiona