From e38fd2056a8cab7a3c6f3da8150fed69530bde6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Morgner <felix.morgner@ost.ch>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 14:14:08 +0200
Subject: kstd: introduce output buffer for formatting

---
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp     | 12 ++++-----
 .../include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp     | 30 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp

(limited to 'libs/kstd/include')

diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp
index 478a48f..e8d0302 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 // IWYU pragma: private, include <kstd/format>
 
 #include "arg.hpp"
+#include "kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp"
 
 #include <kstd/os/error.hpp>
 
@@ -29,11 +30,7 @@ namespace kstd
 
   struct format_context
   {
-    using writer_function = void(void *, std::string_view);
     using format_args = std::span<format_arg const>;
-
-    writer_function * writer{};
-    void * user_data{};
     format_args args{};
 
     [[nodiscard]] auto arg(std::size_t const id) const -> format_arg const &
@@ -47,13 +44,16 @@ namespace kstd
 
     constexpr auto push(std::string_view string) -> void
     {
-      writer(user_data, string);
+      m_buffer->push(string);
     }
 
     constexpr auto push(char character) -> void
     {
-      writer(user_data, std::string_view(&character, 1));
+      m_buffer->push(character);
     }
+
+  private:
+    bits::format::output_buffer * m_buffer;
   };
 
 }  // namespace kstd
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be2034f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+#ifndef KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_OUTPUT_BUFFER_HPP
+#define KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_OUTPUT_BUFFER_HPP
+
+#include <string_view>
+
+namespace kstd::bits::format
+{
+
+  //! An abstract interface for formatted output buffers.
+  //!
+  //! This interface is intended to be use for functions dealing with string formatting, like the print and the format
+  //! family.
+  struct output_buffer
+  {
+    virtual ~output_buffer() = default;
+
+    //! Push a text segment into the buffer.
+    //!
+    //! @param text The text segment to push.
+    virtual auto push(std::string_view text) -> void = 0;
+
+    //! Push a single character into the buffer.
+    //!
+    //! @param character The character to push into the buffer.
+    virtual auto push(char character) -> void = 0;
+  };
+
+}  // namespace kstd::bits::format
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 98fc294deb6f7c27eda3f9ed3b616572a1ab2009 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Morgner <felix.morgner@ost.ch>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 14:37:20 +0200
Subject: kstd/format: hook up vformat_to

---
 .../include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp     |  2 +
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp     | 65 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/format                      |  2 +
 3 files changed, 69 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp

(limited to 'libs/kstd/include')

diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp
index be2034f..fd7a2b4 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_OUTPUT_BUFFER_HPP
 #define KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_OUTPUT_BUFFER_HPP
 
+// IWYU pragma: private, include <kstd/format>
+
 #include <string_view>
 
 namespace kstd::bits::format
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90b74a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+#ifndef KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_VFORMAT_HPP
+#define KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_VFORMAT_HPP
+
+// IWYU pragma: private, include <kstd/format>
+
+#include <kstd/bits/format/args.hpp>
+#include <kstd/bits/format/output_buffer.hpp>
+#include <kstd/bits/format/string.hpp>
+#include <kstd/string>
+
+#include <string_view>
+#include <type_traits>
+
+namespace kstd
+{
+
+  namespace bits::format
+  {
+    //! Format a string with the given arguments into the given buffer.
+    //!
+    //! External implementations of `vprint` may call this function.
+    //!
+    //! @param buffer The buffer to format into.
+    //! @param format The format string to use.
+    //! @param args The arguments for the format string.
+    auto vformat_to(output_buffer & buffer, std::string_view format, format_args args) -> void;
+
+    struct string_writer : output_buffer
+    {
+      auto push(std::string_view text) -> void override;
+      auto push(char character) -> void override;
+
+      auto release() -> string &&;
+
+    private:
+      string m_result{};
+    };
+
+    struct string_iterator_writer : output_buffer
+    {
+      auto push(std::string_view text) -> void override;
+      auto push(char character) -> void override;
+
+    private:
+      string::iterator m_iter{};
+    };
+
+  }  // namespace bits::format
+
+  //! Format a given string with the provided arguments.
+  //!
+  //! @param format The format string.
+  //! @param args The arguments for the format string.
+  //! @return A new string containing the result of the format operation.
+  template<typename... ArgumentTypes>
+  auto format(format_string<std::type_identity_t<ArgumentTypes>...> format, ArgumentTypes &&... args) -> string
+  {
+    auto buffer = bits::format::string_writer{};
+    bits::format::vformat_to(buffer, format.str_view, std::forward<ArgumentTypes>(args)...);
+    return buffer.release();
+  }
+
+}  // namespace kstd
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format
index adee5f8..d11c221 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format
@@ -13,7 +13,9 @@
 #include "bits/format/formatter/pointer.hpp"      // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/range.hpp"        // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/string_view.hpp"  // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "bits/format/output_buffer.hpp"          // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/parse_context.hpp"          // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/string.hpp"                 // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "bits/format/vformat.hpp"                // IWYU pragma: export
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 45091789eb9e49856ea6c2f3606639d43f4584e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Morgner <felix.morgner@ost.ch>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 14:56:39 +0200
Subject: kstd: move formatting implementation to kstd

---
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp            | 5 +++++
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/bool.hpp     | 4 ++--
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/integral.hpp | 4 ++--
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/specifiers.hpp         | 6 +++---
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp            | 2 ++
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/vector                             | 2 +-
 6 files changed, 15 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-)

(limited to 'libs/kstd/include')

diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp
index e8d0302..7f392a0 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/context.hpp
@@ -33,6 +33,11 @@ namespace kstd
     using format_args = std::span<format_arg const>;
     format_args args{};
 
+    format_context(bits::format::output_buffer & buffer, format_args args)
+        : args{args}
+        , m_buffer{&buffer}
+    {}
+
     [[nodiscard]] auto arg(std::size_t const id) const -> format_arg const &
     {
       if (id >= args.size())
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/bool.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/bool.hpp
index 336e1b0..e371cec 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/bool.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/bool.hpp
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ namespace kstd
       auto const text = value ? std::string_view{"true"} : std::string_view{"false"};
       auto final_width = 0uz;
 
-      if (specifiers.width_mode == bits::format::width_mode::static_value)
+      if (specifiers.mode == bits::format::width_mode::static_value)
       {
         final_width = specifiers.width_value;
       }
-      else if (specifiers.width_mode == bits::format::width_mode::dynamic_argument_id)
+      else if (specifiers.mode == bits::format::width_mode::dynamic_argument_id)
       {
         auto const & arg = context.arg(specifiers.width_value);
         final_width = bits::format::extrat_dynamic_width(arg);
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/integral.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/integral.hpp
index 4912a44..e5a234a 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/integral.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/integral.hpp
@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ namespace kstd
     auto format(T value, format_context & context) const -> void
     {
       auto final_width = 0uz;
-      if (specifiers.width_mode == bits::format::width_mode::static_value)
+      if (specifiers.mode == bits::format::width_mode::static_value)
       {
         final_width = specifiers.width_value;
       }
-      else if (specifiers.width_mode == bits::format::width_mode::dynamic_argument_id)
+      else if (specifiers.mode == bits::format::width_mode::dynamic_argument_id)
       {
         auto const & arg = context.arg(specifiers.width_value);
         final_width = bits::format::extrat_dynamic_width(arg);
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/specifiers.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/specifiers.hpp
index 9bc66c7..18c6f66 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/specifiers.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/specifiers.hpp
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ namespace kstd::bits::format
     bool alternative_form{};
     bool zero_pad{};
 
-    width_mode width_mode{};
+    width_mode mode{};
     std::size_t width_value{};
     char type{};
   };
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ namespace kstd::bits::format
 
     if (it != end && *it == '{')
     {
-      specs.width_mode = width_mode::dynamic_argument_id;
+      specs.mode = width_mode::dynamic_argument_id;
       std::advance(it, 1);
       auto argument_id = 0uz;
 
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ namespace kstd::bits::format
     }
     else if (it != end && *it >= '0' && *it <= '9')
     {
-      specs.width_mode = width_mode::static_value;
+      specs.mode = width_mode::static_value;
       while (it != end && *it >= '0' && *it <= '9')
       {
         specs.width_value = specs.width_value * 10 + static_cast<std::size_t>(*it - '0');
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
index 90b74a9..d032c3a 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ namespace kstd
 
     struct string_iterator_writer : output_buffer
     {
+      explicit string_iterator_writer(string::iterator iterator);
+
       auto push(std::string_view text) -> void override;
       auto push(char character) -> void override;
 
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/vector b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/vector
index e51cbac..79593c6 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/vector
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/vector
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ namespace kstd
                      allocator_type const & allocator =
                          allocator_type{}) noexcept(std::is_nothrow_copy_constructible_v<allocator_type>)
         : m_allocator{allocator}
-        , m_size{std::ranges::distance(first, last)}
+        , m_size{static_cast<std::size_t>(std::ranges::distance(first, last))}
         , m_capacity{m_size}
         , m_data{allocate_n(m_capacity)}
     {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From a0720bbe3cdfe3174e3d064356b21f0fcd37832e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Morgner <felix.morgner@ost.ch>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 15:05:38 +0200
Subject: kstd/format: add kstd::format_to

---
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp | 42 +++++++++++++++++++++++---
 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

(limited to 'libs/kstd/include')

diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
index d032c3a..69c7f33 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@
 #include <kstd/bits/format/string.hpp>
 #include <kstd/string>
 
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <iterator>
 #include <string_view>
 #include <type_traits>
 
@@ -36,15 +38,30 @@ namespace kstd
       string m_result{};
     };
 
-    struct string_iterator_writer : output_buffer
+    template<std::output_iterator<char> Output>
+    struct iterator_writer : output_buffer
     {
-      explicit string_iterator_writer(string::iterator iterator);
+      explicit iterator_writer(Output iterator)
+          : m_output{iterator}
+      {}
 
-      auto push(std::string_view text) -> void override;
-      auto push(char character) -> void override;
+      auto iterator() const -> Output
+      {
+        return m_output;
+      }
+
+      auto push(std::string_view text) -> void override
+      {
+        m_output = std::ranges::copy(text, m_output);
+      }
+
+      auto push(char character) -> void override
+      {
+        *m_output++ = character;
+      }
 
     private:
-      string::iterator m_iter{};
+      Output m_output{};
     };
 
   }  // namespace bits::format
@@ -62,6 +79,21 @@ namespace kstd
     return buffer.release();
   }
 
+  //! Format a given string with the provided arguments.
+  //!
+  //! @param iterator The iterator to write to.
+  //! @param format The format string.
+  //! @param args The arguments for the format string.
+  //! @return An iterator past the last element written.
+  template<std::output_iterator<char> Output, typename... ArgumentTypes>
+  auto format_to(Output iterator, format_string<std::type_identity_t<ArgumentTypes>...> format,
+                 ArgumentTypes &&... args) -> Output
+  {
+    auto buffer = bits::format::iterator_writer{iterator};
+    bits::format::vformat_to(buffer, format.str_view, std::forward<ArgumentTypes>(args)...);
+    return buffer.iterator();
+  }
+
 }  // namespace kstd
 
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From cd1dd2037cbe1d5f1362202d3127640406b468b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Morgner <felix.morgner@ost.ch>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 15:38:08 +0200
Subject: kstd: add basic format and format_to tests

---
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp |  6 +++---
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/string                  | 20 ++++++++++++++++++++
 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

(limited to 'libs/kstd/include')

diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
index 69c7f33..4fec7dd 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/vformat.hpp
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ namespace kstd
 
       auto push(std::string_view text) -> void override
       {
-        m_output = std::ranges::copy(text, m_output);
+        m_output = std::ranges::copy(text, m_output).out;
       }
 
       auto push(char character) -> void override
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ namespace kstd
   auto format(format_string<std::type_identity_t<ArgumentTypes>...> format, ArgumentTypes &&... args) -> string
   {
     auto buffer = bits::format::string_writer{};
-    bits::format::vformat_to(buffer, format.str_view, std::forward<ArgumentTypes>(args)...);
+    bits::format::vformat_to(buffer, format.str_view, make_format_args(std::forward<ArgumentTypes>(args)...).args);
     return buffer.release();
   }
 
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ namespace kstd
                  ArgumentTypes &&... args) -> Output
   {
     auto buffer = bits::format::iterator_writer{iterator};
-    bits::format::vformat_to(buffer, format.str_view, std::forward<ArgumentTypes>(args)...);
+    bits::format::vformat_to(buffer, format.str_view, make_format_args(std::forward<ArgumentTypes>(args)...).args);
     return buffer.iterator();
   }
 
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/string b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/string
index 4ce19ce..58c4a08 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/string
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/string
@@ -347,6 +347,26 @@ namespace kstd
     return !(lhs == rhs);
   }
 
+  [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto inline operator==(string const & lhs, char const * rhs) -> bool
+  {
+    return lhs.view() == std::string_view{rhs};
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto inline operator!=(string const & lhs, char const * rhs) -> bool
+  {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto inline operator==(char const * lhs, string const & rhs) -> bool
+  {
+    return std::string_view{lhs} == rhs.view();
+  }
+
+  [[nodiscard]] constexpr auto inline operator!=(char const * lhs, string const & rhs) -> bool
+  {
+    return !(lhs == rhs);
+  }
+
   template<>
   struct formatter<string> : formatter<std::string_view>
   {
-- 
cgit v1.2.3


From 3795115641bf5c1d1a3d60313408ba462057ba18 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Felix Morgner <felix.morgner@ost.ch>
Date: Mon, 13 Apr 2026 16:18:00 +0200
Subject: kstd/format: add support for char formatting

---
 .../include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/char.hpp    | 94 ++++++++++++++++++++++
 libs/kstd/include/kstd/format                      |  1 +
 2 files changed, 95 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/char.hpp

(limited to 'libs/kstd/include')

diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/char.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/char.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddfefe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/bits/format/formatter/char.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+#ifndef KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_HPP
+#define KSTD_BITS_FORMAT_FORMATTER_CHAR_HPP
+
+#include "../context.hpp"
+#include "../error.hpp"
+#include "../formatter.hpp"
+#include "../parse_context.hpp"
+#include "../specifiers.hpp"
+#include "integral.hpp"
+
+#include <iterator>
+
+namespace kstd
+{
+
+  template<>
+  struct formatter<char> : formatter<unsigned char>
+  {
+    bits::format::specifiers specifiers{};
+
+    constexpr auto parse(format_parse_context & context) -> format_parse_context::iterator
+    {
+      specifiers = bits::format::parse_format_specifiers(context);
+
+      auto it = context.begin();
+      auto const end = context.end();
+
+      if (specifiers.alternative_form || specifiers.zero_pad || specifiers.sign != bits::format::sign_mode::none)
+      {
+        bits::format::error("Invalid format specifiers for 'char'");
+      }
+
+      if (it != end && *it != '}')
+      {
+        if (*it == 'c' || *it == 'b' || *it == 'B' || *it == 'd' || *it == 'o' || *it == 'x' || *it == 'X')
+        {
+          specifiers.type = *it;
+          std::advance(it, 1);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+          bits::format::error("Invalid type specifier for char.");
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (it != end && *it != '}')
+      {
+        bits::format::error("Missing terminating '}' in format string.");
+      }
+
+      return it;
+    }
+
+    auto format(char value, format_context & context) const -> void
+    {
+      if (specifiers.type == '\0' || specifiers.type == 'c')
+      {
+        auto final_width = 0uz;
+
+        if (specifiers.mode == bits::format::width_mode::static_value)
+        {
+          final_width = specifiers.width_value;
+        }
+        else if (specifiers.mode == bits::format::width_mode::dynamic_argument_id)
+        {
+          auto const & arg = context.arg(specifiers.width_value);
+          final_width = bits::format::extrat_dynamic_width(arg);
+        }
+
+        auto padding =
+            bits::format::calculate_format_padding(final_width, 1, specifiers.align, bits::format::alignment::left);
+
+        for (auto i = 0uz; i < padding.left; ++i)
+        {
+          context.push(specifiers.fill);
+        }
+
+        context.push(value);
+
+        for (auto i = 0uz; i < padding.right; ++i)
+        {
+          context.push(specifiers.fill);
+        }
+      }
+      else
+      {
+        formatter<unsigned char>::format(static_cast<unsigned char>(value), context);
+      }
+    }
+  };
+
+}  // namespace kstd
+
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format
index d11c221..047ea5c 100644
--- a/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/format
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 #include "bits/format/formatter.hpp"              // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/bool.hpp"         // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/byte.hpp"         // IWYU pragma: export
+#include "bits/format/formatter/char.hpp"         // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/cstring.hpp"      // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/integral.hpp"     // IWYU pragma: export
 #include "bits/format/formatter/ordering.hpp"     // IWYU pragma: export
-- 
cgit v1.2.3