libs: begin extraction of kernel std

13 files changed, 206 insertions, 297 deletions

diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 8fef2f5..75ac1b5 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ add_compile_options(
 # Global Libraries
 #]============================================================================]
 
+add_subdirectory("libs/kstd" EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL SYSTEM)
 add_subdirectory("libs/multiboot2" EXCLUDE_FROM_ALL SYSTEM)
 
 #[============================================================================[
@@ -134,13 +135,6 @@ add_library("teachos::interrupt_handling" ALIAS "_interrupt_handling")
 target_compile_options("_interrupt_handling" PRIVATE "-mgeneral-regs-only")
 
 #[============================================================================[
-# The Stub Standard Library
-#]============================================================================]
-
-add_library("_stl" OBJECT)
-add_library("teachos::stl" ALIAS "_stl")
-
-#[============================================================================[
 # The Kernel
 #]============================================================================]
 
@@ -154,7 +148,6 @@ target_link_libraries("_kernel" PRIVATE
   "teachos::video"
   "teachos::memory"
   "teachos::exception"
-  "teachos::stl"
   "teachos::context_switching"
   "teachos::interrupt_handling"
 )
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt b/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
index bd06ea7..511fe43 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -71,14 +71,7 @@ target_sources("_memory" PRIVATE
 
 target_link_libraries("_memory" PUBLIC
   "multiboot2::multiboot2"
-)
-
-#[============================================================================[
-# The STL Library
-#]============================================================================]
-
-target_sources("_stl" PRIVATE
-  "src/stl/mutex.cpp"
+  "libs::kstd"
 )
 
 #[============================================================================[
@@ -115,6 +108,10 @@ target_sources("_context" PRIVATE
   "src/context_switching/interrupt_descriptor_table/segment_selector.cpp"
 )
 
+target_link_libraries("_context" PUBLIC
+  "libs::kstd"
+)
+
 #[============================================================================[
 # The Interrupt Handlers
 #]============================================================================]
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
index 582b4af..bbbad19 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 
 #include "arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp"
 #include "arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp"
-#include "arch/stl/mutex.hpp"
+
+#include <kstd/mutex.hpp>
 
 namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 {
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
                                     std::size_t size) -> void;
 
     memory_block * first;  ///< First free entry in our memory.
-    stl::mutex mutex;      ///< Mutex to ensure only one thread calls allocate or deallocate at once.
+    kstd::mutex mutex;     ///< Mutex to ensure only one thread calls allocate or deallocate at once.
   };
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp
index 6b1b7bb..3b47f15 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/user_heap_allocator.hpp
@@ -2,8 +2,9 @@
 #define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_USER_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
 
 #include "arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp"
-#include "arch/stl/mutex.hpp"
 
+// #include <kstd/mutex.hpp>
+#include <kstd/mutex.hpp>
 #include <optional>
 
 namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
@@ -141,7 +142,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
                                     std::size_t size) -> void;
 
     memory_block * first = {};  ///< First free entry in our memory.
-    stl::mutex mutex = {};      ///< Mutex to ensure only one thread calls allocate or deallocate at once.
+    kstd::mutex mutex = {};     ///< Mutex to ensure only one thread calls allocate or deallocate at once.
   };
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp
index 0a25ca9..348c159 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 #ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_ELF_SYBOLS_SECTION_HPP
 #define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_ELF_SYBOLS_SECTION_HPP
 
-#include "arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp"
-#include "arch/stl/container.hpp"
-#include "arch/stl/contiguous_pointer_iterator.hpp"
+// #include "arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp"
+// #include "arch/stl/container.hpp"
+// #include "arch/stl/contiguous_pointer_iterator.hpp"
 
 #include <bitset>
 #include <cstdint>
@@ -145,24 +145,25 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
     auto is_null() const -> bool;
   };
 
-  /**
-   * @brief Defines an entry in the multi_boot_tag array of the multi_boot_info struct, of type
-   * multi_boot_tag_type::ELF_SECTIONS.
-   *
-   * @note The first section in the sections array will always be INACTIVE, there can only ever be one DYNAMIC section
-   * and only either one DYNAMIC_SYMBOL_TABLE or SYMBOL_TABLE.
-   */
-  struct elf_symbols_section_header
-  {
-    tag info;                     ///< Basic multi_boot_tag information.
-    uint32_t number_of_sections;  ///< Number of sections in the sections array.
-    uint32_t entry_size;          ///< Size of each entry in the sections array.
-    uint32_t section_index;       ///< Index to the string table used for symbol names.
-    std::byte end;                ///< Marks the end of the tag, used to mark the beginning of any additional data.
-                                  ///< contained in the section, to ensure byte alignment is actually 4 byte.
-  };
+  // /**
+  //  * @brief Defines an entry in the multi_boot_tag array of the multi_boot_info struct, of type
+  //  * multi_boot_tag_type::ELF_SECTIONS.
+  //  *
+  //  * @note The first section in the sections array will always be INACTIVE, there can only ever be one DYNAMIC
+  //  section
+  //  * and only either one DYNAMIC_SYMBOL_TABLE or SYMBOL_TABLE.
+  //  */
+  // struct elf_symbols_section_header
+  // {
+  //   tag info;                     ///< Basic multi_boot_tag information.
+  //   uint32_t number_of_sections;  ///< Number of sections in the sections array.
+  //   uint32_t entry_size;          ///< Size of each entry in the sections array.
+  //   uint32_t section_index;       ///< Index to the string table used for symbol names.
+  //   std::byte end;                ///< Marks the end of the tag, used to mark the beginning of any additional data.
+  //                                 ///< contained in the section, to ensure byte alignment is actually 4 byte.
+  // };
 
-  using elf_section_header_container = stl::container<stl::contiguous_pointer_iterator<elf_section_header>>;
+  // using elf_section_header_container = stl::container<stl::contiguous_pointer_iterator<elf_section_header>>;
 
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index a9abf12..0000000
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_INFO_HPP
-#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_INFO_HPP
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
-{
-  /**
-   * @brief Defines all possible types a multiboot2 tag structure can have.
-   *
-   * @note See
-   * https://github.com/rhboot/grub2/blob/fedora-39/include/multiboot2.h for more information on the structure of the
-   * tag headers and see https://github.com/rhboot/grub2/blob/fedora-39/include/multiboot.h for more information on the
-   * actual header contents and their following data.
-   */
-  enum struct tag_type : uint32_t
-  {
-    END,                    ///< Signals final tag for the multiboot2 information structure.
-    CMDLINE,                ///< Contains the command line string.
-    BOOT_LOADER_NAME,       ///< Contains the name of the boot loader booting the kernel.
-    MODULE,                 ///< Indicates the boot module which was loaded along the kernel image.
-    BASIC_MEMORY_INFO,      ///< Contains the amount of lower (0MB start address) and upper memory (1MB start address).
-    BOOTDEV,                ///< Indicates which BIOS disk device the hoot loader has loaded the OS image from.
-    MEMORY_MAP,             ///< Describes the memory layout of the system with individual areas and their flags.
-    VBE_INFO,               ///< Includes information to access and utilize the device GPU.
-    FRAMEBUFFER,            ///< VBE framebuffer information.
-    ELF_SECTIONS,           ///< Includes list of all section headers from the loaded ELF kernel.
-    APM_INFO,               ///< Advanced Power Management information.
-    EFI32,                  ///< EFI 32 bit system table pointer.
-    EFI64,                  ///< EFI 64 bit system table pointer.
-    SMBIOS,                 ///< Contains copy of all Sytem Management BIOS tables.
-    ACPI_OLD,               ///< Contains copy of RSDP as defined per ACPI1.0 specification.
-    ACPI_NEW,               ///< Contains copy of RSDP as defined per ACPI2.0 or later specification.
-    NETWORK,                ///< Contains network information specified specified as DHCP.
-    EFI_MEMORY_MAP,         ///< Contains EFI memory map.
-    EFI_BS_NOT_TERMINATED,  ///< Indicated ExitBootServies wasn't called.
-    EFI32_IMAGE_HANDLE,     ///< EFI 32 bit image handle pointer.
-    EFI64_IMAGE_HANDLE,     ///< EFI 64 bit imae handle pointer.
-    LOAD_BASE_ADDRESS       ///< Contains image load base physical address.
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Basic structure that every entry in the multi_boot_tag array of the multi_boot_info struct has to begin
-   * with.
-   */
-  struct tag
-  {
-    tag_type type;  ///< Specific type of this multi_boot_tag entry, used to differentiate handling.
-    uint32_t size;  ///< Total size of this multi_boot_tag entry with all fields of the actual type.
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Basic structure the multiboot_information_pointer points too and which contains all information of
-   * multiboot2 in the tags array of different types. The start as well as the content has to be 8 byte aligned.
-   */
-  struct info_header
-  {
-    uint32_t total_size;         ///< Total size of all multiboot::tags and their data.
-    alignas(8) struct tag tags;  ///< Specific tags.
-  };
-
-}  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
-
-#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_INFO_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/memory_map.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/memory_map.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 68394c8..0000000
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/memory_map.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,53 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_MAP_HPP
-#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_MAP_HPP
-
-#include "arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp"
-#include "arch/stl/container.hpp"
-#include "arch/stl/contiguous_pointer_iterator.hpp"
-
-#include <cstdint>
-
-namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
-{
-  /**
-   * @brief Defines all memory area types possible that the memory region can be in.
-   */
-  enum struct memory_area_type : uint32_t
-  {
-    AVAILABLE = 1,         ///< Region is available for use by the OS.
-    RESERVED,              ///< Region is reserved by firmware or bootloader and should not be used by OS.
-    ACPI_AVAILABLE,        ///< Region is reclaimable by OS after ACPI event.
-    RESERVED_HIBERNATION,  ///< Region is used for Non-volatile Storage (NVS).
-    DEFECTIVE              ///< Region is defective or unusable.
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Defines an entry in the entries array of the memory_map struct.
-   *
-   * @note Last value needs to be padded, because the size of the entry needs to be
-   * exactly 24 bytes and not one byte more.
-   */
-  struct memory_area
-  {
-    uint64_t base_address;  ///< Base address the memory region starts at.
-    uint64_t area_length;   ///< Size of the memory region, added to base_address results in the final address.
-    alignas(8) memory_area_type type;  ///< Specific type of memory the region can contain.
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Defines an entry in the multi_boot_tag array of the multi_boot_info struct, of type
-   * multi_boot_tag_type::MEMORY_MAP.
-   */
-  struct memory_map_header
-  {
-    tag info;                    ///< Basic multi_boot_tag information.
-    uint32_t entry_size;         ///< Size of each entry in the memory_area array. Guaranteed multiple of 8.
-    uint32_t entry_version;      ///< Version of the entries, currently 0.
-    struct memory_area entries;  ///< Specific memory regions.
-  };
-
-  using memory_area_container = stl::container<stl::contiguous_pointer_iterator<memory_area>>;
-
-}  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
-
-#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_MEMORY_MAP_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/reader.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/reader.hpp
index bda0c43..c5464cb 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/reader.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/multiboot/reader.hpp
@@ -1,10 +1,14 @@
 #ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_READER_HPP
 #define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_MULTIBOOT_READER_HPP
 
+// #include "arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp"
+// #include "arch/memory/multiboot/memory_map.hpp"
+
 #include "arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp"
-#include "arch/memory/multiboot/memory_map.hpp"
 
 #include <cstdint>
+#include <multiboot2/information.hpp>
+#include <span>
 
 namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
 {
@@ -14,12 +18,13 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
    */
   struct memory_information
   {
-    std::size_t kernel_start;               ///< Start address of the kernel code in memory.
-    std::size_t kernel_end;                 ///< End address of the kernel code in memory.
-    elf_section_header_container sections;  ///< Contains non-owning pointers to all kernel sections.
-    std::size_t multiboot_start;            ///< Start address of the multiboot code in memory.
-    std::size_t multiboot_end;              ///< End address of the multiboot code in memory.
-    memory_area_container areas;            ///< Contains non-owning pointers to all memory areas.
+    std::size_t kernel_start;     ///< Start address of the kernel code in memory.
+    std::size_t kernel_end;       ///< End address of the kernel code in memory.
+    multiboot2::elf_symbols;      ///< Contains non-owning pointers to all kernel sections.
+    std::size_t multiboot_start;  ///< Start address of the multiboot code in memory.
+    std::size_t multiboot_end;    ///< End address of the multiboot code in memory.
+    // std::sp
+    // memory_area_container areas;            ///< Contains non-owning pointers to all memory areas.
   };
 
   /**
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.cpp
index 63a6111..00ca366 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.cpp
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 {
   linked_list_allocator::linked_list_allocator(std::size_t heap_start, std::size_t heap_end)
       : first(nullptr)
-      , mutex{stl::mutex{}}
+      , mutex{kstd::mutex{}}
   {
     auto const heap_size = heap_end - heap_start;
     exception_handling::assert(
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/multiboot/reader.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/multiboot/reader.cpp
index 2bf5b25..b05e6b3 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/multiboot/reader.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/multiboot/reader.cpp
@@ -2,130 +2,134 @@
 
 #include "arch/boot/pointers.hpp"
 #include "arch/exception_handling/assert.hpp"
-#include "arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp"
-#include "arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp"
+#include "multiboot2/information.hpp"
+// #include "arch/memory/multiboot/elf_symbols_section.hpp"
+// #include "arch/memory/multiboot/info.hpp"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <ranges>
 
-namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
-{
-  namespace
-  {
-    template<typename T>
-      requires std::is_pointer<T>::value
-    auto align_to_8_byte_boundary(T ptr, uint32_t size) -> T
-    {
-      return reinterpret_cast<T>(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(ptr) + ((size + 7) & ~7));
-    }
-
-    auto process_memory_map(memory_map_header * mminfo) -> memory_area_container
-    {
-      auto const expected_entry_size = mminfo->entry_size;
-      auto constexpr actual_entry_size = sizeof(memory_area);
-      exception_handling::assert(expected_entry_size == actual_entry_size,
-                                 "[Multiboot Reader] Unexpected memory area entry size");
-
-      auto const total_size = mminfo->info.size;
-      auto const total_entries_size = total_size - sizeof(memory_map_header) + actual_entry_size;
-      auto const number_of_entries = total_entries_size / actual_entry_size;
-
-      auto const begin = memory_area_container::iterator{&mminfo->entries};
-      auto const end = begin + number_of_entries;
-      return memory_area_container{begin, end};
-    }
-
-    auto process_elf_sections(elf_symbols_section_header * symbol, std::size_t & kernel_start,
-                              std::size_t & kernel_end) -> elf_section_header_container
-    {
-      auto const expected_entry_size = symbol->entry_size;
-      auto constexpr actual_entry_size = sizeof(elf_section_header);
-      exception_handling::assert(expected_entry_size == actual_entry_size,
-                                 "[Multiboot Reader] Unexpected elf section header entry size");
-
-      auto const expected_total_size = symbol->info.size;
-      auto const actual_total_entry_size = actual_entry_size * symbol->number_of_sections;
-      auto constexpr actual_total_section_size = sizeof(elf_symbols_section_header) - sizeof(uint32_t);
-      auto const actual_total_size = actual_total_entry_size + actual_total_section_size;
-      exception_handling::assert(expected_total_size == actual_total_size,
-                                 "[Multiboot Reader] Unexpected elf symbols section header total size");
-
-      auto const begin = elf_section_header_container::iterator{reinterpret_cast<elf_section_header *>(&symbol->end)};
-      auto const end = begin + symbol->number_of_sections;
-      exception_handling::assert(begin->is_null(),
-                                 "[Multiboot Reader] Elf symbols section not starting with SHT_NULL section");
-
-      elf_section_header_container sections{begin, end};
-
-      auto allocated_sections = sections | std::views::filter([](auto const & section) {
-                                  return section.flags.contains_flags(elf_section_flags::OCCUPIES_MEMORY);
-                                });
-
-      auto const elf_section_with_lowest_physical_address = std::ranges::min_element(
-          allocated_sections, [](auto const & a, auto const & b) { return a.physical_address < b.physical_address; });
-
-      auto const elf_section_with_highest_physical_address =
-          std::ranges::max_element(allocated_sections, [](auto const & a, auto const & b) {
-            auto a_physical_address_end = a.physical_address + a.section_size;
-            auto b_physical_address_end = b.physical_address + b.section_size;
-            return a_physical_address_end < b_physical_address_end;
-          });
-
-      auto const symbol_table_section_count = std::ranges::count_if(sections, [](auto const & section) {
-        return section.type == elf_section_type::DYNAMIC_SYMBOL_TABLE || section.type == elf_section_type::SYMBOL_TABLE;
-      });
-      auto const dynamic_section_count = std::ranges::count_if(
-          sections, [](auto const & section) { return section.type == elf_section_type::DYNAMIC; });
-
-      exception_handling::assert(
-          symbol_table_section_count == 1U,
-          "[Multiboot Reader] ELF Specifications allows only (1) symbol table section, but got more");
-      exception_handling::assert(
-          dynamic_section_count <= 1U,
-          "[Multiboot Reader] ELF Specifications allows only (1) or less dynamic sections, but got more");
-
-      auto const lowest_elf_section = *elf_section_with_lowest_physical_address;
-      kernel_start = lowest_elf_section.physical_address;
-
-      auto const highest_elf_section = *elf_section_with_highest_physical_address;
-      kernel_end = highest_elf_section.physical_address + highest_elf_section.section_size;
-
-      return sections;
-    }
-  }  // namespace
-
-  auto read_multiboot2() -> memory_information
-  {
-    memory_information mem_info{UINT64_MAX,
-                                0U,
-                                elf_section_header_container{},
-                                boot::multiboot_information_pointer,
-                                0U,
-                                memory_area_container{}};
-
-    auto const multiboot_information_pointer = reinterpret_cast<info_header *>(boot::multiboot_information_pointer);
-    auto const multiboot_tag = &multiboot_information_pointer->tags;
-    mem_info.multiboot_end = mem_info.multiboot_start + multiboot_information_pointer->total_size;
-
-    for (auto tag = multiboot_tag; tag->type != tag_type::END; tag = align_to_8_byte_boundary(tag, tag->size))
-    {
-      switch (tag->type)
-      {
-        case tag_type::ELF_SECTIONS: {
-          auto const symbol = reinterpret_cast<elf_symbols_section_header *>(tag);
-          mem_info.sections = process_elf_sections(symbol, mem_info.kernel_start, mem_info.kernel_end);
-          break;
-        }
-        case tag_type::MEMORY_MAP: {
-          auto const mminfo = reinterpret_cast<memory_map_header *>(tag);
-          mem_info.areas = process_memory_map(mminfo);
-          break;
-        }
-        default:
-          // All other cases are not important and can be ignored.
-          break;
-      }
-    }
-    return mem_info;
-  }
-}  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
+// namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
+// {
+//   namespace
+//   {
+//     template<typename T>
+//       requires std::is_pointer<T>::value
+//     auto align_to_8_byte_boundary(T ptr, uint32_t size) -> T
+//     {
+//       return reinterpret_cast<T>(reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(ptr) + ((size + 7) & ~7));
+//     }
+
+//     auto process_memory_map(memory_map_header * mminfo) -> memory_area_container
+//     {
+//       auto const expected_entry_size = mminfo->entry_size;
+//       auto constexpr actual_entry_size = sizeof(memory_area);
+//       exception_handling::assert(expected_entry_size == actual_entry_size,
+//                                  "[Multiboot Reader] Unexpected memory area entry size");
+
+//       auto const total_size = mminfo->info.size;
+//       auto const total_entries_size = total_size - sizeof(memory_map_header) + actual_entry_size;
+//       auto const number_of_entries = total_entries_size / actual_entry_size;
+
+//       auto const begin = memory_area_container::iterator{&mminfo->entries};
+//       auto const end = begin + number_of_entries;
+//       return memory_area_container{begin, end};
+//     }
+
+//     auto process_elf_sections(elf_symbols_section_header * symbol, std::size_t & kernel_start, std::size_t &
+//     kernel_end)
+//         -> elf_section_header_container
+//     {
+//       auto const expected_entry_size = symbol->entry_size;
+//       auto constexpr actual_entry_size = sizeof(elf_section_header);
+//       exception_handling::assert(expected_entry_size == actual_entry_size,
+//                                  "[Multiboot Reader] Unexpected elf section header entry size");
+
+//       auto const expected_total_size = symbol->info.size;
+//       auto const actual_total_entry_size = actual_entry_size * symbol->number_of_sections;
+//       auto constexpr actual_total_section_size = sizeof(elf_symbols_section_header) - sizeof(uint32_t);
+//       auto const actual_total_size = actual_total_entry_size + actual_total_section_size;
+//       exception_handling::assert(expected_total_size == actual_total_size,
+//                                  "[Multiboot Reader] Unexpected elf symbols section header total size");
+
+//       auto const begin = elf_section_header_container::iterator{reinterpret_cast<elf_section_header
+//       *>(&symbol->end)}; auto const end = begin + symbol->number_of_sections;
+//       exception_handling::assert(begin->is_null(),
+//                                  "[Multiboot Reader] Elf symbols section not starting with SHT_NULL section");
+
+//       elf_section_header_container sections{begin, end};
+
+//       auto allocated_sections = sections | std::views::filter([](auto const & section) {
+//                                   return section.flags.contains_flags(elf_section_flags::OCCUPIES_MEMORY);
+//                                 });
+
+//       auto const elf_section_with_lowest_physical_address = std::ranges::min_element(
+//           allocated_sections, [](auto const & a, auto const & b) { return a.physical_address < b.physical_address;
+//           });
+
+//       auto const elf_section_with_highest_physical_address =
+//           std::ranges::max_element(allocated_sections, [](auto const & a, auto const & b) {
+//             auto a_physical_address_end = a.physical_address + a.section_size;
+//             auto b_physical_address_end = b.physical_address + b.section_size;
+//             return a_physical_address_end < b_physical_address_end;
+//           });
+
+//       auto const symbol_table_section_count = std::ranges::count_if(sections, [](auto const & section) {
+//         return section.type == elf_section_type::DYNAMIC_SYMBOL_TABLE || section.type ==
+//         elf_section_type::SYMBOL_TABLE;
+//       });
+//       auto const dynamic_section_count = std::ranges::count_if(
+//           sections, [](auto const & section) { return section.type == elf_section_type::DYNAMIC; });
+
+//       exception_handling::assert(
+//           symbol_table_section_count == 1U,
+//           "[Multiboot Reader] ELF Specifications allows only (1) symbol table section, but got more");
+//       exception_handling::assert(
+//           dynamic_section_count <= 1U,
+//           "[Multiboot Reader] ELF Specifications allows only (1) or less dynamic sections, but got more");
+
+//       auto const lowest_elf_section = *elf_section_with_lowest_physical_address;
+//       kernel_start = lowest_elf_section.physical_address;
+
+//       auto const highest_elf_section = *elf_section_with_highest_physical_address;
+//       kernel_end = highest_elf_section.physical_address + highest_elf_section.section_size;
+
+//       return sections;
+//     }
+//   }  // namespace
+
+//   auto read_multiboot2() -> memory_information
+//   {
+//     memory_information mem_info{UINT64_MAX,
+//                                 0U,
+//                                 elf_section_header_container{},
+//                                 boot::multiboot_information_pointer,
+//                                 0U,
+//                                 memory_area_container{}};
+
+//     auto const multiboot_information_pointer = reinterpret_cast<info_header *>(boot::multiboot_information_pointer);
+//     auto const multiboot_tag = &multiboot_information_pointer->tags;
+//     mem_info.multiboot_end = mem_info.multiboot_start + multiboot_information_pointer->total_size;
+
+//     for (auto tag = multiboot_tag; tag->type != tag_type::END; tag = align_to_8_byte_boundary(tag, tag->size))
+//     {
+//       switch (tag->type)
+//       {
+//         case tag_type::ELF_SECTIONS: {
+//           auto const symbol = reinterpret_cast<elf_symbols_section_header *>(tag);
+//           mem_info.sections = process_elf_sections(symbol, mem_info.kernel_start, mem_info.kernel_end);
+//           break;
+//         }
+//         case tag_type::MEMORY_MAP: {
+//           auto const mminfo = reinterpret_cast<memory_map_header *>(tag);
+//           mem_info.areas = process_memory_map(mminfo);
+//           break;
+//         }
+//         default:
+//           // All other cases are not important and can be ignored.
+//           break;
+//       }
+//     }
+//     return mem_info;
+//   }
+// }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::multiboot
diff --git a/libs/kstd/CMakeLists.txt b/libs/kstd/CMakeLists.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06083f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libs/kstd/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION "3.27")
+
+project("kstd"
+    LANGUAGES CXX
+    VERSION "1.0.0"
+)
+
+add_library("kstd" STATIC)
+add_library("libs::kstd" ALIAS "kstd")
+
+target_sources("kstd" PRIVATE
+    "src/mutex.cpp"
+)
+
+target_sources("kstd" PUBLIC
+    FILE_SET HEADERS
+    BASE_DIRS "include"
+    FILES
+    "include/kstd/mutex.hpp"
+)
+
+target_include_directories("kstd" PUBLIC
+    "include"
+)
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/mutex.hpp b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/mutex.hpp
index a7d297d..cf8549f 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/mutex.hpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/include/kstd/mutex.hpp
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
-#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_MUTEX_HPP
-#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_MUTEX_HPP
+#ifndef KSTD_MUTEX_HPP
+#define KSTD_MUTEX_HPP
 
 #include <atomic>
 
-namespace teachos::arch::stl
+namespace kstd
 {
   /**
    * @brief Custom mutex implementation, that simply wraps an atomic boolean to keep track if the mutex is already in
@@ -55,6 +55,6 @@ namespace teachos::arch::stl
     std::atomic<bool> locked = {false};  // Atomic boolean to track if mutex is locked or not.
   };
 
-}  // namespace teachos::arch::stl
+}  // namespace kstd
 
-#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_MUTEX_HPP
+#endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/stl/mutex.cpp b/libs/kstd/src/mutex.cpp
index 232a11c..cfb1c84 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/stl/mutex.cpp
+++ b/libs/kstd/src/mutex.cpp
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
-#include "arch/stl/mutex.hpp"
+#include "kstd/mutex.hpp"
 
-namespace teachos::arch::stl
+namespace kstd
 {
   auto mutex::lock() -> void
   {
     while (!try_lock())
     {
-      // Nothing to do
+      asm volatile("nop");
     }
   }
 
   auto mutex::try_lock() -> bool { return !locked.exchange(true, std::memory_order_acquire); }
 
   auto mutex::unlock() -> void { locked.store(false, std::memory_order_release); }
-}  // namespace teachos::arch::stl
+}  // namespace kstd