Merge branch 'feat_new_delete_override' into 'develop_ba'

new delete override

See merge request teachos/kernel!4

18 files changed, 653 insertions, 99 deletions

diff --git a/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt b/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
index c5624d8..e9f8d5f 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/arch/x86_64/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -59,6 +59,14 @@ target_sources("_memory" PRIVATE
   "src/memory/heap/bump_allocator.cpp"
   "src/memory/heap/memory_block.cpp"
   "src/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.cpp"
+  "src/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.cpp"
+)
+
+#[============================================================================[
+# The Shared Library
+#]============================================================================]
+
+target_sources("_shared" PRIVATE
   "src/shared/mutex.cpp"
 )
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/bump_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/bump_allocator.hpp
index 545b72f..011f45c 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/bump_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/bump_allocator.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 #ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_BUMP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
 #define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_BUMP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
 
+#include "arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp"
+
 #include <atomic>
 #include <cstdint>
 
@@ -10,7 +12,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
    * @brief Simple heap allocator, which allocates linearly and leaks all allocated memory, because it does not really
    * deallocate anything.
    */
-  struct bump_allocator
+  struct bump_allocator : heap_allocator
   {
     /**
      * @brief Constructor.
@@ -26,23 +28,14 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
       // Nothing to do
     }
 
-    /**
-     * @brief Allocates the specified amount of memory in the heap.
-     *
-     * @param size Amount of memory to allocate.
-     * @return Address of the first byte to the allocated area
-     */
-    auto allocate(std::size_t size) -> void *;
+    auto allocate(std::size_t size) -> void * override;
 
     /**
-     * @brief Deallocates heap memory at the specified location.
-     *
-     * @note Simply does nothing, because this allocator leaks all memory.
+     * @copybrief heap_allocator::deallocate
      *
-     * @param pointer Pointer to the location which should be deallocated.
-     * @param size Size of the underlying memory area we want to deallocate.
+     * @note Simply does nothing, because this allocator leaks all memory
      */
-    auto deallocate(void * pointer, std::size_t size) -> void;
+    auto deallocate(void * pointer) noexcept -> void override;
 
   private:
     std::size_t heap_start;     ///< Start of the allocatable heap area
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/concept.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/concept.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index e22e35f..0000000
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/concept.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,22 +0,0 @@
-#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_CONCEPT_HPP
-#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_CONCEPT_HPP
-
-#include <concepts>
-
-namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
-{
-  std::size_t constexpr HEAP_START = 0x100000000;
-  std::size_t constexpr HEAP_SIZE = 100 * 1024;
-
-  /**
-   * @brief Heap allocator concept required for allocating and managing free space on the heap.
-   */
-  template<typename T>
-  concept HeapAllocator = requires(T t, uint8_t * pointer, std::size_t size) {
-    { t.allocate(size) } -> std::same_as<uint8_t *>;
-    { t.deallocate(pointer, size) } -> std::same_as<void>;
-  };
-
-}  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
-
-#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_CONCEPT_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dff837e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_GLOBAL_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_GLOBAL_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
+
+#include "arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp"
+
+namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
+{
+  /**
+   * @brief Possible types that should be constructed by the register_heap_allocator factory method.
+   * Creates the underlying heap allocator instance that is then used by all global allocations using new and delete
+   */
+  enum class heap_allocator_type : uint8_t
+  {
+    NONE,  ///< Don't use any heap allocation implementation, this will result in all calls of new and delte halting
+           ///< further execution of the kernel
+    BUMP,  ///< Use the bump allocator as the heap allocation implementation, be aware that using this allocator leaks
+           ///< memory, because there is no delete implementation
+    LINKED_LIST  ///< Use the linked list allocator as the heap implementation, recommended because it does not leak
+                 ///< memory and
+  };
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Global instance of a heap allocator implementation created by the factory method pattern @see
+   * https://refactoring.guru/design-patterns/factory-method for more information.
+   *
+   * @note Can only be registered once and only once the kernel and the heap part of the kernel has been remapped
+   * successfully. If the instance is created before than the device will abort, because it acceses unmapped memory
+   * areas.
+   */
+  struct global_heap_allocator
+  {
+    /**
+     * @brief Registers the heap allocation implementation that should be used by the global heap allocator.
+     * Meaning all future calls to the global new or delete will be forwarded to the allocate and deallocate calls of
+     * the underlying heap allocation implementation
+     *
+     * @param new_type Type of the heap allocation implementation we want to instantiate
+     */
+    static auto register_heap_allocator(heap_allocator_type new_type) -> void;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Allocates the given amount of memory and returns the pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area.
+     * Simply forwards the call to the allocate method of the registered heap_allocation implementation
+     *
+     * @param size Amount of bytes that should be allocated
+     * @return void* Pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area
+     */
+    static auto allocate(std::size_t size) -> void *;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Deallocated all memory associated with the memory area starting from the given pointer address.
+     * Simply forwards the call to the deallocate method of the registered heap_allocation implementation
+     *
+     * @param pointer Previously allocated memory area, that should now be freed
+     */
+    static auto deallocate(void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
+
+  private:
+    static heap_allocator * allocator_instance;  ///< Instance used to actually allocate and deallocate
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Either returns the previously registered heap allocated or halts furthere execution
+     *
+     * @return Reference to the registered heap allocation
+     */
+    static auto get() -> heap_allocator &;
+  };
+}  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
+
+auto operator new(std::size_t size) -> void *;
+
+auto operator delete(void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
+
+auto operator delete(void * pointer, std::size_t size) noexcept -> void;
+
+auto operator new[](std::size_t size) -> void *;
+
+auto operator delete[](void * pointer) noexcept -> void;
+
+auto operator delete[](void * pointer, std::size_t size) noexcept -> void;
+
+#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_GLOBAL_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6aed3d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
+{
+  std::size_t constexpr HEAP_START = 0x100000000;
+  std::size_t constexpr HEAP_SIZE = 100 * 1024;
+
+  /**
+   * @brief Heap allocator interface containing methods required to allocate and deallocate heap memory areas
+   */
+  struct heap_allocator
+  {
+    /**
+     * @brief Virtual default destructor, created to ensure that if a pointer to this class is used and deleted, we will
+     * also call the derived base class destructor. Deleting a base class destructor that does not have a virtual
+     * destructor is undefined behaviour, because the derived class destructor originally instantiated with new is never
+     * called. This can cause potential memory leaks, because derived classes can not clean up their internal members as
+     * expected and instead simply leak them
+     */
+    virtual ~heap_allocator() {}
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Allocates the given amount of memory and returns the pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area
+     *
+     * @param size Amount of bytes that should be allocated
+     * @return void* Pointer to the start of the allocatable memory area
+     */
+    virtual auto allocate(std::size_t size) -> void * = 0;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Deallocates all memory associated with the given pointer address.
+     * Simply deallocates the amount of memory created with the corresponding call to allocate
+     *
+     * @param pointer Previously allocated memory area, that should now be freed
+     */
+    virtual auto deallocate(void * pointer) noexcept -> void = 0;
+  };
+}  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
+
+#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_HEAP_ALLOCATOR_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
index 06b21bb..df9e370 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 #ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_LINKED_LIST_ALLOCATOR_HPP
 #define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_LINKED_LIST_ALLOCATOR_HPP
 
+#include "arch/memory/heap/heap_allocator.hpp"
 #include "arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp"
 #include "arch/shared/mutex.hpp"
 
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
    * @brief Sorted by address list of memory holes (free memory). Uses free holes itself to save the information,
    * containing the size and pointer to the next hole. Resulting in a singly linked list.
    */
-  struct linked_list_allocator
+  struct linked_list_allocator : heap_allocator
   {
     /**
      * @brief Constructor.
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
     linked_list_allocator(std::size_t heap_start, std::size_t heap_end);
 
     /**
-     * @brief Allocates the specified amount of memory in the heap.
+     * @copybrief heap_allocator::allocate
      *
      * @note The specified size is used to find a free memory block with the exact same size, meaning we can remove that
      * free memory block from the free list and simply return its address. Or it has to be big enough to hold the size
@@ -31,21 +32,10 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      * they received more memory than wanted. Therefore the memory would simply be unused and because it is neither
      * allocated nor deallocated would never be indexed by the free memory list. We would therefore permanently loose
      * that memory, to prevent that allocation into free memory blocks like that are impossible.
-     *
-     * @param size Amount of memory to allocate.
-     * @return Address of the first byte to the allocated area
      */
-    auto allocate(std::size_t size) -> void *;
+    auto allocate(std::size_t size) -> void * override;
 
-    /**
-     * @brief Deallocates heap memory at the specified location.
-     *
-     * @note Simply does nothing, because this allocator leaks all memory.
-     *
-     * @param pointer Pointer to the location which should be deallocated.
-     * @param size Size of the underlying memory area we want to deallocate.
-     */
-    auto deallocate(void * pointer, std::size_t size) -> void;
+    auto deallocate(void * pointer) noexcept -> void override;
 
   private:
     /**
@@ -78,8 +68,8 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
      *
      * @return Previous start address of the memory block we just split, because it can now be used for the allocation.
      */
-    auto split_free_memory_block(memory_block * previous_block, memory_block * current_block,
-                                 std::size_t size) -> void *;
+    auto split_free_memory_block(memory_block * previous_block, memory_block * current_block, std::size_t size)
+        -> void *;
 
     /**
      * @brief Removes a free memory block from the free list and returns its address so the caller can allocate into it.
@@ -127,6 +117,8 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
     shared::mutex mutex;     ///< Mutex to ensure only one thread calls allocate or deallocate at once.
   };
 
+  extern linked_list_allocator kernel_heap;
+
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 
 #endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_LINKED_LIST_ALLOCATOR_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp
index b9a2254..e1cd288 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/heap/memory_block.hpp
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
                           ///< size variable and the pointer to the next hole.
     memory_block * next;  ///< Optional pointer to the next free memory, holds nullptr if there is none.
   };
-
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::memory::heap
 
 #endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_MEMORY_HEAP_MEMORY_BLOCK_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/paging/page_entry.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/paging/page_entry.hpp
index 876ea3c..1de31b5 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/paging/page_entry.hpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/memory/paging/page_entry.hpp
@@ -49,14 +49,13 @@ namespace teachos::arch::memory::paging
     explicit entry(uint64_t flags);
 
     /**
-     * @brief Converts the given elf section flags into the corresponding correct entry flags.
+     * @brief Creates a new entry converting the given elf section flags into the corresponding correct entry flags.
      *
      * @note Enables us to set the correct flags on a entry depending on which elf section it is contained in. For
      * example entries of .text sections should be executable and read only or entries of .data sections should be
      * writable but not executable.
      *
      * @param elf_flags Elf section flags we want to convert into entry flags.
-     * @return Entry that has the corresponding bit flags set.
      */
     explicit entry(multiboot::elf_section_flags elf_flags);
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/shared_pointer.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/shared_pointer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..79a9f82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/shared_pointer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_SHARED_POINTER_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_SHARED_POINTER_HPP
+
+namespace teachos::arch::stl
+{
+  template<typename T>
+  struct shared_pointer
+  {
+    explicit shared_pointer(T * pointer = nullptr)
+        : pointer(pointer)
+        , ref_count(new std::atomic<int>(pointer != nullptr ? 1 : 0))
+    {
+    }
+
+    shared_pointer(const shared_pointer & other)
+        : pointer(other.pointer)
+        , ref_count(other.ref_count)
+    {
+      if (pointer != nullptr)
+      {
+        ++(*ref_count);
+      }
+    }
+
+    shared_pointer(shared_pointer && other) noexcept
+        : pointer(other.pointer)
+        , ref_count(other.ref_count)
+    {
+      other.pointer = nullptr;
+      other.ref_count = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    shared_pointer & operator=(const shared_pointer & other)
+    {
+      if (this != &other)
+      {
+        cleanup();
+        pointer = other.pointer;
+        ref_count = other.ref_count;
+
+        if (pointer != nullptr)
+        {
+          ++(*ref_count);
+        }
+      }
+
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    shared_pointer & operator=(shared_pointer && other) noexcept
+    {
+      if (this != &other)
+      {
+        cleanup();
+        pointer = other.pointer;
+        ref_count = other.ref_count;
+        other.pointer = nullptr;
+        other.ref_count = nullptr;
+      }
+
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    ~shared_pointer() { cleanup(); }
+
+    void cleanup()
+    {
+      if (pointer != nullptr && ref_count != nullptr && --(*ref_count) == 0)
+      {
+        delete pointer;
+        delete ref_count;
+      }
+    }
+
+    void reset(T * p = nullptr)
+    {
+      cleanup();
+      pointer = p;
+      ref_count = new std::atomic<int>(p != nullptr ? 1 : 0);
+    }
+
+    void swap(shared_pointer & other)
+    {
+      std::swap(pointer, other.pointer);
+      std::swap(ref_count, other.ref_count);
+    }
+
+    T & operator*() const { return *pointer; }
+
+    T * operator->() const { return pointer; }
+
+    T * get() const { return pointer; }
+
+    int use_count() const
+    {
+      if (pointer != nullptr)
+      {
+        return *ref_count;
+      }
+
+      return 0;
+    }
+
+    bool unique() const { return use_count() == 1; }
+
+    explicit operator bool() const { return pointer != nullptr; }
+
+  private:
+    T * pointer;
+    std::atomic<int> * ref_count;
+  };
+
+  template<typename T, typename... Args>
+  shared_pointer<T> make_shared(Args &&... args)
+  {
+    return shared_pointer<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+}  // namespace teachos::arch::stl
+
+#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_SHARED_POINTER_HPP
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/unique_pointer.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/unique_pointer.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0ec3c38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/unique_pointer.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_UNIQUE_POINTER_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_UNIQUE_POINTER_HPP
+
+namespace teachos::arch::stl
+{
+  template<typename T>
+  struct unique_pointer
+  {
+    explicit unique_pointer(T * ptr = nullptr)
+        : pointer(ptr)
+    {
+    }
+
+    ~unique_pointer() { delete pointer; }
+
+    unique_pointer(const unique_pointer &) = delete;
+    unique_pointer & operator=(const unique_pointer &) = delete;
+
+    unique_pointer(unique_pointer && other) noexcept
+        : pointer(other.pointer)
+    {
+      other.pointer = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    unique_pointer & operator=(unique_pointer && other) noexcept
+    {
+      if (this != &other)
+      {
+        delete pointer;
+        pointer = other.pointer;
+        other.pointer = nullptr;
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    T & operator*() const { return *pointer; }
+
+    T * operator->() const { return pointer; }
+
+    T * get() const { return pointer; }
+
+    T * release()
+    {
+      T * temp = pointer;
+      pointer = nullptr;
+      return temp;
+    }
+
+    void reset(T * ptr = nullptr)
+    {
+      delete pointer;
+      pointer = ptr;
+    }
+
+    void swap(unique_pointer & other) { std::swap(pointer, other.pointer); }
+
+  private:
+    T * pointer;
+  };
+
+  template<typename T, typename... Args>
+  unique_pointer<T> make_unique(Args &&... args)
+  {
+    return unique_pointer<T>(new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...));
+  }
+}  // namespace teachos::arch::stl
+
+#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_UNIQUE_POINTER_HPP
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/vector.hpp b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/vector.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..62be704
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/x86_64/include/arch/stl/vector.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+#ifndef TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_VECTOR_HPP
+#define TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_VECTOR_HPP
+
+#include "arch/exception_handling/panic.hpp"
+#include "arch/shared/container.hpp"
+#include "arch/shared/contiguous_pointer_iterator.hpp"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+
+namespace teachos::arch::stl
+{
+  /**
+   * @brief Custom vector implementation mirroring the std::vector to allow for the usage of STL functionality with our
+   * custom memory management
+   *
+   * @tparam T Element the vector instance should contain
+   */
+  template<typename T>
+  struct vector
+  {
+    /**
+     * @brief Defaulted constructor. Initalizes empty vector
+     */
+    vector() = default;
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Constructs data with the given amount of elements containg the given value or alterantively the default
+     * constructed value
+     *
+     * @param capacity Amount of elements we want to create and set the given value for
+     * @param initial Inital value of all elements in the underlying data array
+     */
+    vector(size_t capacity, T initial = T{})
+        : capacity(capacity)
+        , size(capacity)
+        , data(new T[capacity]{})
+    {
+      auto const begin = data;
+      auto const end = data + size;
+      vector_container container{begin, end};
+      std::ranges::fill(container, inital);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Copy constructor
+     *
+     * @note Allocates underlying data container with the same capacity as vector we are copying from and copies all
+     * elements from it
+     *
+     * @param other Other instance of vector we want to copy the data from
+     */
+    vector(vector<T> const & other)
+        : size(size)
+        , capacity(capacity)
+    {
+      delete[] data;
+      data = new T[capacity]{};
+
+      auto const begin = other.data;
+      auto const end = other.data + size;
+      vector_container container{begin, end};
+      std::ranges::copy(container, data);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Copy assignment operator
+     *
+     * @note Allocates underlying data container with the same capacity as vector we are copying from and copies all
+     * elements from it
+     *
+     * @param other Other instance of vector we want to copy the data from
+     * @return Newly created copy
+     */
+    vector<T> & operator=(vector<T> const & other)
+    {
+      delete[] data;
+      size = other.size();
+      capacity = other.capacity();
+      data = new T[capacity]{};
+
+      auto const begin = other.data;
+      auto const end = other.data + size;
+      vector_container container{begin, end};
+      std::ranges::copy(container, data);
+      return *this;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Destructor
+     */
+    ~vector() { delete[] data; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Amount of elements currently contained in this vector, will fill up until we have reached the capacity. If
+     * that is the case the capacity is increased automatically
+     *
+     * @return Current amount of elements
+     */
+    size_t size() const { return size; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Amount of space the vector currently has, can be different than the size, because we allocate more than we
+     * exactly require to decrease the amount of allocations and deallocation to improve speed
+     *
+     * @return Current amount of space the vector has for elements
+     */
+    size_t capacity() const { return capacity; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Array indexing operator. Allowing to access element at the given index
+     *
+     * @note Does not do any bounds checks use at() for that
+     *
+     * @param index Index we want to access elements at
+     * @return Reference to the underlying element
+     */
+    T & operator[](size_t index) { return data[index]; }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Array indexing operator. Allowing to access element at the given index
+     *
+     * @note Ensures we do not access element outside of the bounds of the array, if we do further execution is halted
+     *
+     * @param index Index we want to access elements at
+     * @return Reference to the underlying element
+     */
+    T & at(size_t index)
+    {
+      if (index >= size)
+      {
+        exception_handling::panic("[Vector] Attempted to read element at invalid index");
+      }
+      return this->operator[](size);
+    }
+
+    void push_back(T & const element) {}
+
+    void emplace_back(T && const element)
+    {
+      // If no cacacity, increase capacity
+      if (size == capacity)
+      {
+        reserve(capacity * 2);
+      }
+
+      data[size] = element;
+      size++;
+    }
+
+    void pop_back()
+    {
+      if (size <= 0)
+      {
+        exception_handling::panic("[Vector] Attempted to pop back last element of already empty vector");
+      }
+      size--;
+    }
+
+    T & front() { return *data; }
+
+    T & back() { return *(data + size); }
+
+    void reserve(size_t new_capacity)
+    {
+      if (new_capacity < size)
+      {
+        // Creating new array with less capacity than is required to keep all current elements makes no sense
+        return;
+      }
+
+      T * temp = new T[new_capacity];
+
+      auto const begin = other.data;
+      auto const end = other.data + capacity;
+      vector_container container{begin, end};
+      std::ranges::copy(container, temp);
+
+      delete[] data;
+      capacity = new_capacity;
+      data = temp;
+    }
+
+  private:
+    T * data = {};         ///< Pointer to the first element in the underlying data container
+    size_t capacity = {};  ///< Amount of space for elements in the underlying data container
+    size_t size = {};      ///< Amount of elements in the underlying data container
+
+    typedef shared::container<shared::contiguous_pointer_iterator<T>> vector_container;
+  };
+
+}  // namespace teachos::arch::stl
+
+#endif  // TEACHOS_ARCH_X86_64_STL_VECTOR_HPP
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/boot/boot.s b/arch/x86_64/src/boot/boot.s
index 8d27ea1..2197dce 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/boot/boot.s
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/boot/boot.s
@@ -197,8 +197,10 @@ _start:
     call enable_paging
     call enable_sse
 
+    cli // Clears the interrupt flag during the GDT setup
     lgdt (global_descriptor_table_pointer)
     jmp $global_descriptor_table_code,$_transition_to_long_mode
+    // The interrupt flag is set in cpp after setting up the GDT
 
     call halt
 
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/kernel/main.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/kernel/main.cpp
index 681f960..472aed5 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/kernel/main.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/kernel/main.cpp
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 #include "arch/kernel/main.hpp"
 
 #include "arch/memory/heap/bump_allocator.hpp"
-#include "arch/memory/heap/concept.hpp"
-#include "arch/memory/heap/linked_list_allocator.hpp"
+#include "arch/memory/heap/global_heap_allocator.hpp"
 #include "arch/memory/main.hpp"
 #include "arch/memory/multiboot/reader.hpp"
 #include "arch/video/vga/text.hpp"
@@ -22,12 +21,8 @@ namespace teachos::arch::kernel
 
   auto heap_test() -> void
   {
-    memory::heap::linked_list_allocator heap_allocator{memory::heap::HEAP_START,
-                                                       memory::heap::HEAP_START + memory::heap::HEAP_SIZE};
-    auto test = heap_allocator.allocate(1024);
-    auto test2 = new (test) memory::multiboot::memory_information{};
-    auto test3 = new (static_cast<void *>(static_cast<memory::multiboot::memory_information *>(test) + 1))
-        memory::multiboot::memory_information{};
+    auto test2 = new memory::multiboot::memory_information{};
+    auto test3 = new memory::multiboot::memory_information{};
     auto test4 = *test2;
     auto test5 = *test3;
     test4.kernel_end = 5000;
@@ -42,18 +37,11 @@ namespace teachos::arch::kernel
     test2->kernel_end = 2000;
     test2->kernel_start = 1000;
     test2->multiboot_start = 2000;
-    heap_allocator.deallocate(test, 1024);
+    delete test2;
+    delete test3;
 
-    auto test9 = heap_allocator.allocate(1024);
-    auto test10 = heap_allocator.allocate(1024);
-    auto test11 = heap_allocator.allocate(1024);
-    heap_allocator.deallocate(test9, 1024);
-    auto test12 = heap_allocator.allocate(1024);
-    auto test13 = heap_allocator.allocate(1024);
-    heap_allocator.deallocate(test11, 1024);
-    heap_allocator.deallocate(test10, 1024);
-    heap_allocator.deallocate(test13, 1024);
-    heap_allocator.deallocate(test12, 1024);
+    auto test9 = new int(50);
+    delete test9;
   }
 
   auto main() -> void
@@ -64,8 +52,10 @@ namespace teachos::arch::kernel
     video::vga::text::newline();
 
     memory::initialize_memory_management();
-
     // stack_overflow_test(0);
+
+    memory::heap::global_heap_allocator::register_heap_allocator(memory::heap::heap_allocator_type::LINKED_LIST);
+
     heap_test();
   }
 }  // namespace teachos::arch::kernel
diff --git a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/cpu/control_register.cpp b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/cpu/control_register.cpp
index 298874f..7ee88b5 100644
--- a/arch/x86_64/src/memory/cpu/control_register.cpp
+++ b/arch/x86_64/src/memory/cpu/control_register.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "arch/memory/cpu/control_register.hpp"
 
-#include "arch/exception_handling/assert.hpp"
+#include "arch/exception_handling/panic.hpp"
 
 #include <type_traits>
 
@@ -24,8 +